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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2012 Aug 9;4(6):605–619. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1186

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Direct conjugation methodology. Schematic diagram of the chemical reactions that occur during covalent coupling of bioprobes to the QD surface by using EDC/NHS (Top), SMCC (Middle), and SPDP (Bottom) reagents.