Table 2.
Frequency ranges of neuropsychiatric symptoms in primary progressive aphasia.
| Symptom | All PPAs (%) | PPA-S (%) | PPA-G (%) | PPA-L (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delusions | 2–9 | 5–19 | 0–7 | 14 | [7–9,19,20,22] |
| Hallucinations | 0–6 | 0–11 | 0 | 14 | [7–9,19,20,22] |
| Agitation/aggression | 20–50 | 30–64 | 50 | 57 | [6,7,9,20,22] |
| Depression/dysphoria | 38–56 | 44–78 | 57 | 29 | [7–9,20,22] |
| Anxiety | 15–50 | 41–56 | 36 | 71 | [8,9,20,22] |
| Elation/euphoria | 8–19 | 22–37 | 14 | 14 | [8,9,20,22] |
| Apathy/indifference | 32–56 | 33–65 | 64 | 57 | [7–9,20,22] |
| Disinhibition | 12–38 | 36–74 | 14 | 43 | [6,8,9,20,22] |
| Irritability | 18–56 | 33–82 | 29 | 71 | [6–9,20,22] |
| Aberrant motor behavior | 4–24 | 22–52 | 0–21 | 29 | [7–9,19,20,22] |
| Night-time behaviors | 22–30 | 44–52 | 21 | 14 | [8,9,20,22] |
| Appetite/eating behaviors | 26–50 | 35–67 | 43 | 43 | [7–9,20,22] |
| Mental rigidity | – | 80 | – | – | [7] |
| Stereotypies/rituals/compulsions | – | 35–91 | – | – | [6,7] |
| Distractibility | – | 90 | – | – | [7] |
| Decrease in self-care | – | 64–65 | – | – | [6,7] |
| Poor judgment | – | 65 | – | – | [7] |
| Social withdrawal | – | 18–60 | – | – | [6,7] |
| Lack of empathy/selfishness | – | 75–91 | – | – | [6,7] |
PPA: Primary progressive aphasia; PPA-G: Primary progressive aphasia nonfluent/agrammatic variant; PPA-L: Primary progressive aphasia logopenic variant; PPA-S: Primary progressive aphasia semantic variant.