Table 3.
Neuropsychiatric and behavioral scales used in dementia.
| Scales | Symptoms measured | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| NPI and NPI-Q | Delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, anxiety, elation/euphoria, apathy/indifference, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, night-time behaviors and eating/appetite behaviors (NPI is a caregiver/informant interview; NPI-Q is a self-administered questionnaire with written instructions) | [37,63] |
| FBI | Apathy, aspontaneity, indifference/emotional flatness, inflexibility, disorganization, inattention, personal neglect, loss of insight, preservation, obsession (stereotypy), hoarding, inappropriateness, poor judgment and impulsivity, restlessness/roaming, irritability, aggression, hyperorality/food fads, hypersexuality and utilization behavior | [39] |
| FRS | Lack of interest, lack of normal affection, confusion in unusual surroundings, restlessness, impulsivity and lack of judgment | [12] |
| CBI | Challenging behaviors (uncooperative, threatens to harm self/others), disinhibition, eating habits, sleep, stereotypic and motor behaviors, motivation and insight/awareness | [7] |
| BEHAVE-AD | Paranoid and delusional ideation, hallucinations, activity disturbances, aggressiveness, diurnal rhythm disturbances, affective disturbances, anxieties and phobias | [4] |
| NPI-C | Delusions, hallucinations, agitation, aggression+, dysphoria, anxiety, elation/euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability/lability, motor disorders, sleep disorders, appetite and eating disorders, and aberrant vocalization | [8] |
| FTD Inventory | Behavioral disinhibition, violation of social norms, apathy, hypomania-like behaviors, loss of interpersonal warmth or empathy, loss of insight, decline in personal hygiene and grooming, mental rigidity and inflexibility, distractibility and impersistence, hyperorality and dietary changes, compulsive and stereotyped behavior, and environmental dependency | [64] |
| GDS (short form) | Satisfaction with life, dropping activities or interests, feeling life is empty, getting bored, being in good spirits, being afraid that something bad is going to happen, feeling happy, feeling helpless, preference to stay at home, having problems with memory, thinking it is wonderful to be alive, feeling worthless, feeling full of energy, feeling hopeless and thinking most people are better off than they are | [59] |
+
Note that aggression has been separated from agitation.
BEHAVE-AD: Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease; CBI: Cambridge Behavioral Inventory; FBI: Frontal Behavioral Inventory; FRS: Frontotemporal Dementia Rating Scale; FTD: Frontotemporal dementia; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; NPI: Neuropsychiatry Inventory; NPI-C: Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician Rating Scale; NPI-Q: Neuropsychiatry Inventory Questionnaire.