Classical model of lateral fluid percussion (LFP; Amscien Instruments). The device consists of five components: the impactor assembly with the pendulum to be released from a precalibrated angle; the cylindrical reservoir filled with sterile, isotonic saline; the signal conditioner for pressure measurement; a pressure transducer with an output to signal conditioner; and the stage for positioning the animal. (This figure is reproduced from the instrument manual (Amscien Instruments, Richmond, Virginia, USA, 2004) with permission).