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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2013 Jul 10;79(1):16–29. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The neuronal response properties and neural circuitry underlying spatial working memory task as envisioned by Goldman-Rakic and colleagues (Arnsten et al, 2010; Goldman-Rakic, 1995) (a) The oculomotor delayed response (ODR) task, which is a test of spatial working memory as mediated by Brodmann area 46 in the dlPFC of the monkey. (b) Area 46, delineated in red surrounding the principal sulcus. The electrophysiological response properties depicted in c are generated from recordings of pyramidal neurons within this region. PS=principal sulcus; AS=arcuate sulcus. (c) Recordings from a representative neuron in area 46 with spatially tuned firing during the delay period of the ODR task. For details, see (Wang et al 2007). (d) The PFC microcircuits subserving spatially tuned firing during the delay period in a spatial working memory task. Brown neurons designated by B and C represent GABAergic neurons innervating pyramidal neurons mediating working memory. The red circuit on the left represents the noradrenergic inputs modulating α2A receptors on the pyramidal neurons, and the blue circuit on the right depicts the dopaminergic inputs acting through D1 receptors. From Arnsten (Arnsten et al 2010) with permission.