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The presence of C. mellificae, N. ceranae and V. destructor in summer all increase later winter mortality (binomial probit model, Table 2b, p = 0.01, 0.03 and 0.07, respectively). In addition, there is a synergistic effect of C. mellificae and N. ceranae on winter mortality (Table 2b, p = 0.03). Cm = C. mellificae, Nc = N. ceranae.
