Table 1. List of tree taxa for which fossil evidence (pollen, plant macrofossils, charcoal) exists for their survival at 18,000 cal yr BP north of 40°N.

Species	Distance from southern refugia (km) to the present day limit	Distance northern refugia (km) to the present day limit	Time of arrival at northern limit (cal yr BP)	References
Abies alba	1340	1100	11,500	[14]
Alnus (tree)	2450	1100	7000	[24]
Betula (tree)	2700	1300	13,000	[24]
Carpinus betulus	1850	1000	2000	[15]
Fagus sylvatica	2250	1500	1000	[16], [47]
Picea	2700	500	11,000	[24]
Pinus (tree)	2900	1550	10,000	[24]
Quercus (temperate)	2650	2000	6000	[5]

The distance (in km) from the perceived southern location and northern locations, respectively, and the time (calibrated years BP) when each species reached the present-day northern range limit is also given.

Cal yr BP  =  calibrated years before present (AD 1950).