Table 2.
Adjusted rate ratios for the effect of continuous stigma scores on missed doses during TB treatment using two different techniques for calculating missed doses among treatment defaulters (n=459 with 41 defaulters)*.
| Stigma scale | Missed doses assigned to defaulters†
|
Defaulters censored at last visit‡
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aRR§ (95% CI) | Homog. P-value | aRR§ (95% CI) | Homog. P-value | ||
|
|
|
||||
| Perceived TB stigma | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | |||
| Experienced/Felt TB stigma | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) | |||
| Perceived AIDS stigma | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | |||
| Experienced/Felt AIDS stigma | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | |||
|
Stratified by gender
|
|
||||
| Perceived TB stigma | Male | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 0.18 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.09 |
| Female | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | |||
| Experienced/Felt TB stigma | Male | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 0.02 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 0.69 |
| Female | 1.22 (1.10, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | |||
| Perceived AIDS stigma | Male | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.03 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.49 |
| Female | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00)** | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | |||
|
Stratified by HIV status
|
|
||||
| Experienced/Felt TB stigma | Negative | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.01 | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 0.40 |
| Positive | 1.39 (1.13, 1.72) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | |||
| Unknown | 1.10 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | |||
| Experienced/Felt AIDS stigma | Negative | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 0.81 |
| Positive | 1.43 (1.31, 1.56) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | |||
| Unknown | 0.97 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | |||
|
Stratified by TB symptoms††
|
|
||||
| Experienced/Felt TB stigma | Cough | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 0.17 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.31 |
| Hemoptysis | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | |||
| Non-cough | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) ‡‡ | 1.11 (0.98, 1.24) | |||
| Perceived AIDS stigma | Cough | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.41 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | <0.01 |
| Hemoptysis | 0.98 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.08) | |||
| Non-cough | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | |||
All models included age, gender, religion, education, income, presenting symptoms, knowledge of the link between TB and AIDS, and HIV status as covariates; TB stigma models also included knowledge of the cause of TB and AIDS stigma.
Analysis included missed doses assigned to defaulters from date of last visit until the time treatment should have been completed
Analysis included only data collected on missed doses for all patients with defaulters censored at the last recorded visit.
aRR, adjusted rate ratio; CI, confidence interval; Homog. p-value, p-value for homogeneity test of stratum-specific effects (p<0.20 considered evidence of effect measure modification). P-values ≥0.20 suggest there is no effect modification and therefore it is unnecessary to report stratum-specific effects
Unrounded upper confidence interval is 0.9977
Cough and hemoptysis may include other symptoms; non-cough primarily includes weight loss, fever, chest ache/pain, swollen neck, and/or fatigue
Unrounded lower confidence interval is 1.0038