Potential effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) therapy on systemic and CNS HIV-disease pathogenesis. Oral DMF, primarily through its active in vivo metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF), might have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects (marked by numbers 1 – 13 in figure) in HIV-infected cART-treated individuals thereby limiting both systemic and CNS chronic immune activation and oxidative stress. This could result in decreased HIV-disease progression and associated comorbidities. Abbreviations used: monomethyl fumarate (MMF), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), blood brain barrier (BBB), macrophage/microglia (M/M)