Figure 1. Terminology for colour-pattern elements and non-mutant phenotypes of Z. maha.

(a) The ventral side of the fore- and hindwings, defined as “normal type”. (b) The terminology of the spot arrays in the ventral hindwing. From the peripheral to the basal arrays, the arrays are referred to as the first, second, third, and fourth (basal) spot arrays. (c) A panda-type adult, indicating genetic deterioration due to sibling crosses. The second spot array almost entirely disappeared, and the first spot array was also reduced in size. In contrast, the third spot array was distinct. Background was paler than usual. Overall, scale development appeared to be impaired. This individual was an F₃ adult from Experiment 1 in the control experiments (no EMS). (d) A crescent-type adult. A spot in the third array showed a crescent shape (an orange arrow). Overall paler background was also conspicuous. This individual is an F₃ adult from Experiment 1 in the control experiments (no EMS). (e, f) An adult with wing-size asymmetry. Right wings are smaller than left wings. Wing-size difference is indicated by two red arrows. This individual is an F₁b adult from the mutagenesis experiments, but this phenotype was also observed in an F₃ individual from Experiment 1 in the control experiments (no EMS).