Msx1 interacts directly with tooth-specific transcription factors in vitro. GST pulldown assays with in vitro-translated, 35S-labeled Dlx2 (A), Pax9 (B), Lhx6 (C), Snail (D), Lhx8 (E), and Sp3 (F) were performed using the Msx1-GST fusion protein. GST-bound beads and unbound beads were used as controls. Immobilized proteins were eluted in the SDS buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and visualized by autoradiography.