R36A acts transiently within the first 24 h to cause inhibition of the cOVA-specific IgG response. BALB/c mice (7 per group) were immunized i.v. with 50 μg cOVA in alum with or without 2 × 108 CFU R36A given 1, 2, or 3 days earlier (d−1, d−2, and d−3, respectively) than cOVA (A) or 1 or 2 days after (d+1 and d+2, respectively) cOVA immunization (B). All mice were boosted i.v. with 50 μg cOVA in alum alone 14 days after primary cOVA immunization. Serum titers of cOVA-specific IgG measured by ELISA are shown. *, P ≤ 0.05 in comparison to mice immunized with cOVA plus alum in the absence of R36A (w/o).