Table 3.
Transition to Second Births, Employment Conditions and Non-Permanent Contracts (ECHP 1994–2000).
| (1) All | (2) Low Educated | (3) Mid Educated | (4) High Educated | (5) Southern Europe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||
| Foreign-born | −0.084 (0.84) | −0.327* (2.09) | −0.099 (0.59) | 0.299 (1.45) | 0.179 (1.11) |
| NonEu-born | 0.049 (0.33) | 0.569* (2.32) | 0.092 (0.36) | −0.341 (1.15) | 0.071 (0.30) |
| Age at First birth | −0.047** (9.22) | −0.049** (5.80) | −0.047** (6.11) | −0.045** (3.76) | −0.033** (4.79) |
| First Boy | −0.034 (1.01) | −0.036 (0.49) | −0.052 (0.77) | −0.016 (0.24) | 0.002 (0.03) |
| Married | 0.527** (7.28) | 0.376** (2.68) | 0.610** (5.11) | 0.624** (4.12) | 0.876** (3.36) |
| In a couple (married or not) | 0.617 (1.56) | 1.648* (2.36) | 0.034 (0.07) | −0.028 (0.05) | −0.290 (0.40) |
| Woman Education (re: Low Secondary or less) | |||||
| Tertiary | 0.258** (4.59) | 0.223+ (1.94) | |||
| Upper Secondary | 0.062 (1.41) | −0.065 (0.95) | |||
| Partner Education (re: Low Secondary or less) | |||||
| Tertiary | 0.210** (4.25) | −0.005 (0.03) | 0.376** (4.17) | 0.092 (1.01) | 0.158 (1.44) |
| Upper Secondary | 0.002 (0.06) | 0.021 (0.23) | 0.065 (1.07) | −0.077 (0.79) | 0.012 (0.17) |
| Individual Level Variables | |||||
| Woman Employment (re: Inactive) | |||||
| Work (t-7) | −0.184** (2.60) | −0.404* (2.49) | 0.137 (1.30) | −0.235+ (1.70) | −0.267* (1.98) |
| Unemployed (t-7) | −0.139* (2.16) | −0.177+ (1.92) | −0.110 (1.23) | −0.039 (0.27) | −0.142 (1.64)+ |
| Public Sector (if work (t-7)=1) | 0.304** (4.83) | 0.387* (2.23) | 0.291** (3.20) | 0.232* (2.24) | 0.253* (2.17) |
| Part-time (if work (t-7)=1) | 0.130* (2.01) | 0.191 (1.17) | −0.109 (1.04) | 0.300* (2.50) | 0.064 (0.41) |
| Self-employed (if work (t-7)=1) | 0.082 (0.78) | 0.357+ (1.68) | −0.318+ (1.72) | 0.173 (1.09) | 0.232 (1.50) |
| No Permanent Contract (if work (t-7)=1) | −0.194* (2.52) | −0.156 (0.96) | −0.224+ (1.87) | −0.153 (1.23) | −0.188 (1.44) |
| Work Income | |||||
| Woman (t-7) | −0.017** (3.40) | −0.029* (2.20) | −0.036** (3.76) | −0.004 (0.83) | −0.012 (1.13) |
| Partner (t-7) | 0.004* (2.02) | 0.006+ (1.89) | 0.005 (1.51) | −0.002 (0.64) | 0.007 (1.58) |
| Country Level Variables | |||||
| Female Unemployment rate (t-12) | −0.042+ (1.82) | −0.113** (3.26) | −0.006 (0.14) | −0.015 (0.32) | −0.047* (1.97) |
| Person-month | 160,451 | 56,370 | 59,255 | 39,116 | 77,811 |
| Subjects | 6,112 | 2,103 | 2,354 | 1,702 | 2,604 |
| Failures | 2,493 | 725 | 931 | 744 | 853 |
Note: Sample includes women in 12 European countries whose first births occurred on January 1992 or after. Coefficients from Cox Proportional Hazard models. All columns include additional country level variables (share of government employment and its square, maternity leave, log income per capita) as well as year, monthly and country dummies. Earnings are adjusted for differences in purchasing power and expressed in thousands of Euros. Exposure to second birth starts at the time of the first birth. Robust z statistics from errors clustered by duration since exposure in parentheses:
significant at 10%;
significant at 5%;
significant at 1%. All country variables are lagged one year and individual variables are lagged seven-months.