Table 2. Potential risk factors associated with microsporidial infection among asymptomatic Aboriginal population (univariate analysis, n = 447).

Variables	No. examined	Infected (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)
≥15	253	18.6	1.99 (1.13,3.48)	0.015a
<15	194	10.3	1
Gender
Male	197	15.2	1.03 (0.61,1.74)	0.900
Female	250	14.8	1
Drinking untreated water
Yes	175	16.6	1.22 (0.72,2.07)	0.452
No	272	14.0	1
Bathing and washing in the river
Yes	130	16.9	1.23 (0.71,2.15)	0.463
No	317	14.2	1
Not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening
Yes	157	13.4	0.82 (0.47,1.43)	0.482
No	290	15.9	1
Presence of domestic animals
Yes	198	16.2	1.18 (0.70,1.98)	0.536
No	249	14.1	1
Indiscriminate defecation
Yes	152	17.1	1.28 (0.75,2.18)	0.368
No	295	13.9	1
Sewage disposal
Outdoor	197	16.8	1.28 (0.76,2.15)	0.354
Common drainage	250	13.6	1
Eating with hands
Yes	288	17.0	1.61 (0.90,2.87)	0.106
No	159	11.3	1
Consuming raw vegetables
Yes	217	19.4	1.97 (1.15,3.36)	0.012a
No	230	10.9	1
Eating fresh fruits
Yes	347	15.9	1.38 (0.71,2.70)	0.342
No	100	12.0	1
Father's education
Non-educated (<6 yrs)	180	14.4	1.60 (0.69,3.71)	0.266
Educated (≥6 yrs)	84	9.5	1
Mother's education
Non-educated (<6 yrs)	178	16.9	4.16 (1.42,12.21)	0.006a
Educated (≥6 yrs)	86	4.7	1
Working mothers
Yes	112	12.5	0.94 (0.45,1.96)	0.875
No	152	13.2	1
Household members
≥8 (large)	162	19.1	1.64 (0.97,2.77)	0.064
<8	285	12.6	1
Household monthly income
≤RM500 (low)	213	16.0	1.16 (0.69,1.95)	0.582
>RM500	234	14.1	1
Other family members infected with microsporidia
Yes	48	47.9	7.42 (3.89,14.18)	<0.001a
No	399	11.0	1

RM = Malaysian Ringgit; (US$100 = RM307.85) [1^st February 2013].

Reference group marked as OR = 1 [OR = Odds Ratio].

CI = Confidence interval.

^aSignificant association (P<0.05).