Table 2. Potential risk factors associated with microsporidial infection among asymptomatic Aboriginal population (univariate analysis, n = 447).
Variables | No. examined | Infected (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
Age (years) | ||||
≥15 | 253 | 18.6 | 1.99 (1.13,3.48) | 0.015a |
<15 | 194 | 10.3 | 1 | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 197 | 15.2 | 1.03 (0.61,1.74) | 0.900 |
Female | 250 | 14.8 | 1 | |
Drinking untreated water | ||||
Yes | 175 | 16.6 | 1.22 (0.72,2.07) | 0.452 |
No | 272 | 14.0 | 1 | |
Bathing and washing in the river | ||||
Yes | 130 | 16.9 | 1.23 (0.71,2.15) | 0.463 |
No | 317 | 14.2 | 1 | |
Not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening | ||||
Yes | 157 | 13.4 | 0.82 (0.47,1.43) | 0.482 |
No | 290 | 15.9 | 1 | |
Presence of domestic animals | ||||
Yes | 198 | 16.2 | 1.18 (0.70,1.98) | 0.536 |
No | 249 | 14.1 | 1 | |
Indiscriminate defecation | ||||
Yes | 152 | 17.1 | 1.28 (0.75,2.18) | 0.368 |
No | 295 | 13.9 | 1 | |
Sewage disposal | ||||
Outdoor | 197 | 16.8 | 1.28 (0.76,2.15) | 0.354 |
Common drainage | 250 | 13.6 | 1 | |
Eating with hands | ||||
Yes | 288 | 17.0 | 1.61 (0.90,2.87) | 0.106 |
No | 159 | 11.3 | 1 | |
Consuming raw vegetables | ||||
Yes | 217 | 19.4 | 1.97 (1.15,3.36) | 0.012a |
No | 230 | 10.9 | 1 | |
Eating fresh fruits | ||||
Yes | 347 | 15.9 | 1.38 (0.71,2.70) | 0.342 |
No | 100 | 12.0 | 1 | |
Father's education | ||||
Non-educated (<6 yrs) | 180 | 14.4 | 1.60 (0.69,3.71) | 0.266 |
Educated (≥6 yrs) | 84 | 9.5 | 1 | |
Mother's education | ||||
Non-educated (<6 yrs) | 178 | 16.9 | 4.16 (1.42,12.21) | 0.006a |
Educated (≥6 yrs) | 86 | 4.7 | 1 | |
Working mothers | ||||
Yes | 112 | 12.5 | 0.94 (0.45,1.96) | 0.875 |
No | 152 | 13.2 | 1 | |
Household members | ||||
≥8 (large) | 162 | 19.1 | 1.64 (0.97,2.77) | 0.064 |
<8 | 285 | 12.6 | 1 | |
Household monthly income | ||||
≤RM500 (low) | 213 | 16.0 | 1.16 (0.69,1.95) | 0.582 |
>RM500 | 234 | 14.1 | 1 | |
Other family members infected with microsporidia | ||||
Yes | 48 | 47.9 | 7.42 (3.89,14.18) | <0.001a |
No | 399 | 11.0 | 1 |
RM = Malaysian Ringgit; (US$100 = RM307.85) [1st February 2013].
Reference group marked as OR = 1 [OR = Odds Ratio].
CI = Confidence interval.
Significant association (P<0.05).