. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013 Jul 23;10(9):507–518. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.123

Table 1.

Overview of Clinical Applications

Application	Cancer Type	Imaging System	Contrast Agent	Clinical Status^*
SLN mapping	Breast	Open	ICG^11,52–56	Clinical
	Melanoma	Open	ICG^62,63, MMl⁶⁹	Clinical
	Head and Neck	Open	ICG^63,70, MMl²⁷	Clinical
	Lung	VATS	ICG^17,71	Clinical
	Esophagus	Open	ICG^75,127	Clinical
	Stomach	Open	ICG^74,128	Clinical
		Lap	ICG^73,129	Clinical
	Colorectal	Open	ICG^9,130, HSA800 (ex vivo)^59,60	Clinical
		Lap	ICG^15,58,61	Clinical
	Cervix	Open	ICG^13,64,65	Clinical
	Vulvar	Open	ICG^66–68	Clinical
	Endometrial	Lap	ICG⁷²	Clinical
	Prostate	Lap/Rob	ICG¹³¹, MMI¹⁶	Clinical
	Penile	Open	MMI⁶⁹	Clinical

Tumor imaging (in vivo)	Colorectal liver metastases	Open	ICG^82,83,89	Clinical
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Open	ICG^10,82	Clinical
		Lap	ICG¹³²	Preliminary
	Ovarian cancer metastases	Open	ICG⁹³	Preliminary
	Breast cancer	Open	Bevacizumab-800CW¹¹³	Preliminary
	Insulinoma	Open	MB⁴³	Preclinical
	Primary solitary tumor of the pancreas	Open	MB⁴⁵	Preliminary
	Bladder cancer	Lap	5-ALA⁹⁷	Clinical
	Brain tumors	Open	5-ALA,^46–48, ICG^91,92	Clinical

Tumor imaging (topical)	Bladder cancer	Cyst	5-ALA⁹⁹, HAL¹⁰⁰	Clinical
Tumor imaging (topical)	Colon cancer	Endo	gGlu-HMRG¹²²	Preclinical

Vital structures imaging	Bile ducts	Open	ICG^133,134	Clinical
		Lap	ICG^101,135,136	Clinical
	Ureters	Open	MB⁴⁴	Preliminary
	Lymph Flow	Open	ICG^55,102	Clinical
	Nerves	Open	Various^35,118	Preclinical

Vascularization	Bowel anastomoses	Open	ICG^104,105	Clinical
		Lap	ICG¹⁰⁶	Clinical
	Reconstructive surgery	Open	ICG^108–110	Clinical

Clinical = Multiple independent groups have reported successful application; Preliminary = Initial clinical application has been reported; Preclinical = Application has only been demonstrated in a preclinical setting.

Abbreviations: 5-ALA = 5-aminolevulinic acid; Bevacizumab-800CW = IRDye 800CW conjugated to Bevacizumab; gGlu-HMRG = g-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green; ICG = indocyanine green; HAL = hexyl aminolevulinate; HSA800 = IRDye 800CW conjugated to human serum albumin; Lap = laparoscopic surgery; MB = methylene blue; MMI = multimodal imaging agent ICG-^99mTechnetium-nanocolloid; Rob = robotic surgery; SLN = sentinel lymph node; VATS = video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery;