Table 1.
Summary of putative gastric stem/progenitor cells and cancer stem cell markers
| Markers | Location and function | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal stomach | Gastric cancer | ||
| Villin promoter | Gland base, antrum of mouse stomach and give rise to all cell types (lineage tracing). Normally quiescent, multiply in response to interferon gamma |
n/t | Qiao et al. [45] |
| Lgr5 | Base of pyloric gland, give rise to all cell types (lineage tracing) | Luminal surface, tumor center and invasion front (Immunostaining, 100 GC patients analyzed) | Barker et al. [26] |
| Simon et al. [83] | |||
| Mist1 | Mature chief cells of corpus gland base in mice and human | Give rise to SPEM (lineage tracing using 3 mouse models of oxyntic atrophy (induced by DMP-777 treatment, L-635 treatment, or H felis infection) Present in the preneoplastic states (normal & gastritis) and lost in neoplasia in human | Ramsey et al. [50] |
| Nam et al. [49] | |||
| Lennerz et al. [111] | |||
| TFF2 | Isthmus region of corpus, gland base (mRNA expression) in mice, give rise to neck, chief and parietal cells only (lineage tracing) | Expressed in SPEM following DMP-777 treatment, due to trans-differentiation of chief cells progressive loss of expression in H pylori-positive gastritis, IM and GC in human and mice |
Quante et al. [47] |
| Peterson et al. [112] | |||
| DCKL1/DCAM KL1 | Isthmus region of corpus (immunostaining) | Expression expanded in murine models of acute gastritis, chronic ulcer and in Kras environment | Giannakis et al. [44] |
| Zhang and Huang [97] | |||
| Kikuchi et al. [98] | |||
| Okumura et al. [99] | |||
| Musashi-1 | Isthmus/neck region of antrum in human stomach (Immunohistochemistry) | Weakly expressed Elevated in gastric lesions and invasive GCs |
Akasaka et al. [43] |
| Wang et al. [110] | |||
| Sox2 | 1 and 2 cells above the base of corpus and antrum in mice stomach, give rise to cells in both the corpus and pylorus (lineage tracing) | Expression associated with invasion and lymph node metastasis in GC (Immunostaining, 290 GC patients analyzed) | Arnold et al. [51] |
| Matsuoka et al. [100] | |||
| Sox9 | Weak expression in neck/isthmus of corpus, moderate expression in neck/isthmus of pylorus (immunostaining) | strong expression observed in GC (46 patients analyzed by immunostaining) | Sashikawa Kimura et al. [101] |
| pSmad2/3L-Thr | Small number of cells in the corpus and antrum, isthmus region (immunostaining) | Significantly increased in the corpus and antrum of mice with Helicobacter-associated gastritis | Fukui et al. [102] |
| Agr2 (anterior gradient 2) | Corpus neck and base of antrum gland (immunstaining) | Involve in the development of neoplasia | Gupta et al. [103] |
| Bmi-1 | Weak to moderate expression in pits and isthmus of corpus and neck region of antrum | Strong expression in GC (immunostaining) | Reinisch et al. [104] |
| Oct4 | Isthmus region of pit gland, pyloric antrum of human stomach (immunostaining) | Increased expression in GC | Al-Marzoqee et al. [105] |
| CD44 | Strong expression in lower glandular cells of the gastric antrum and rare expression in corpus | Strong expression GC (isolated cells from cancer cell lines and mouse and human gastric samples produce spheroid colonies, and show tumorigenicity) | Takaishi et al. [86] |
| Wang et al. [110] | |||
| CD71− cell | n/t | Show higher tumorigenicity and multipotency, highly invasive and to exist in the invasive fronts of cancer foci | Ohkuma et al. [94] |
| CD133 | Base of gastric glands, antrum | Strong expression in GC, expressed on the luminal surface membrane of gland- forming cells (patient samples) | Zhao et al. [106] |
| Qiao and Gumucio [31] | |||
| Fukamachi et al. [107] | |||
| Jiang et al. [92] | |||
| Aldh1 | Cytoplasm of parietal cells (patient samples-immunostaining) | Highly expressed in GC, basal lesion of the metaplastic gland | Zhi et al. [149] |
| Wakamatsu et al. [108] | |||
| Nishikawa et al. [109] | |||
| EpCAM+/CD44+ | n/t | Isolated cells produce spheroid colonies, and show tumorigenicity | Han et al. [90] |
| CD44+CD24+ | n/t | Isolated cells from gastric tissues of patients produce spheroid colonies, and show tumorigenicity | Zhang et al. [87] |
| CD44+CD54+ | n/t | Isolated cells from human gastric tumor tissues and peripheral blood of patients produce spheroid colonies, and show tumorigenicity | Chen et al. [89] |
| CD90 | n/t | Isolated cells from gastric primary tumors produce spheroid colonies, and show tumorigenicity | Jiang et al. [92] |
| ABCB1 | n/t | Highly expressed in poorly differentiated GC | Jiang et al. [92] |
| ABCG2 | n/t | Highly expressed in poorly differentiated GC | Jiang et al. [92] |