Table 4.

GLMM results for the third comparison (Effects of SNR using 1 kHz low-pass filter)

Effect		Estimate	z	p value
Intercept		−0.075	−1.16	n.s.
/b/-/p/	+10 dB SNR	0.604	7.52	< 0.001
	+5 dB SNR	0.442	5.49	< 0.001
	0 dB SNR	0.138	1.76	< 0.1
/d/-/t/	POA	−0.032	−0.36	n.s.
	POA:+10 dB SNR	−0.451	−4.06	< 0.001
	POA:+5 dB SNR	−0.525	−4.61	< 0.001
	POA:0 dB SNR	−0.309	−2.84	< 0.01
VOT		0.133	27.96	< 0.001
/b/-/p/	VOT:+10 dB SNR	−0.083	−15.40	< 0.001
	VOT:+5 dB SNR	−0.105	−19.61	< 0.001
	VOT:0 dB SNR	−0.121	−23.14	< 0.001
/d/-/t/	VOT:POA	−0.013	−2.07	< 0.05
	VOT:POA:+10 dB SNR	−0.025	−3.54	< 0.001
	VOT:POA:+5 dB SNR	−0.002	−0.33	n.s.
	VOT:POA:0 dB SNR	0.009	1.36	n.s.
F0		0.055	13.24	< 0.001
/b/-/p/	F0:+10 dB SNR	0.006	1.23	n.s.
	F0:+5 dB SNR	0.041	7.43	< 0.001
	F0:0 dB SNR	0.018	3.51	< 0.001
/d/-/t/	F0:POA	0.005	0.93	n.s.
	F0:POA:+10 dB SNR	0.066	8.55	< 0.001
	F0:POA:+5 dB SNR	0.051	6.14	< 0.001
	F0:POA:0 dB SNR	0.035	4.71	< 0.001
VOT:F0		0.000	−1.70	< 0.1
/b/-/p/	VOT:F0:+10 dB SNR	−0.001	−2.12	< 0.05
	VOT:F0:+5 dB SNR	0.001	1.72	< 0.1
	VOT:F0:0 dB SNR	0.000	0.69	n.s.
/d/-/t/	VOT:F0:POA	0.001	1.59	n.s.
	VOT:F0:POA:+10 dB SNR	0.001	1.89	< 0.1
	VOT:F0:POA:+5 dB SNR	−0.001	−1.51	n.s.
	VOT:F0:POA:0 dB SNR	0.000	−0.63	n.s.

Note: The default (intercept) condition was 1 kHz low-pass filtered in 0 dB SNR noise. POA refers to place of articulation; corresponding numbers reflect the difference between factor estimates for the /b/-/p/ and /d/-/t/ series.