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Example of freeze-drying cycle for the proprietary formulation processed in freeze-dryer A. Evolution of a temperature of the heat transfer fluid and chamber pressure, b Pirani–Baratron pressure ratio and model estimations of L dried/L, and c product temperature measured through thermocouples in vials of groups 1 (edge-vial) and 3 (central vial). The vertical line indicates the sublimation end-point as predicted by the mathematical simulation
