Table 1.

IL-1β and CCL2 mRNA expression were increased in the CTX-R, HYPO, BG, and HPC immediately following RSD^a

Region: gene	Control	RSD (1 cycle)	RSD (3 cycles)	RSD (6 cycles)
CTX-R:
IL-1β	1.02 ± 0.08	0.99 ± 0.06	1.53 ± 0.18*	1.73 ± 0.17*
CCL2	1.01 ± 0.05	0.87 ± 0.06	1.71 ± 0.43#	2.30 ± 0.24*
CX3CL1	1.01 ± 0.06	0.98 ± 0.02	0.86 ± 0.02*	0.88 ± 0.05*
HYPO:
IL-1β	1.16 ± 0.13	2.83 ± 0.93#	2.59 ± 0.63#	4.85 ± 1.22*
CCL2	1.05 ± 0.12	1.67 ± 0.65	1.40 ± 0.61	5.44 ± 2.48*
CX3CL1	1.17 ± 0.18	1.27 ± 0.26	0.57 ± 0.06*	0.68 ± 0.14#
BG:
IL-1β	1.01 ± 0.05	1.70 ± 0.20	4.04 ± 0.78*	4.81 ± 0.77*
CCL2	1.03 ± 0.12	0.95 ± 0.10	1.43 ± 0.24	3.76 ± 1.24*
CX3CL1	1.01 ± 0.06	1.05 ± 0.05	0.87 ± 0.05#	0.95 ± 0.01
HPC:
IL-1β	1.05 ± 0.14	1.90 ± 0.31	3.89 ± 0.74*	5.19 ± 0.82*
CCL2	1.03 ± 0.11	1.16 ± 0.13	1.63 ± 0.23	3.36 ± 0.57*
CX3CL1	1.01 ± 0.07	1.06 ± 0.04	1.01 ± 0.04	0.99 ± 0.05

^aMale C57BL/6 mice were subjected to one, three, or six cycles of social defeat (RSD) or left undisturbed as controls. Immediately following the final cycle of RSD, brains were removed, dissected, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. IL-1β, CCL2, and CX₃CL1 mRNA levels were determined in the CTX-R, HYPO, BG, and HPC (n = 4–6, 2 independent experiments). Values represent average fold change compared to control. Means with asterisk (*) are significantly different from controls (p < 0.05) and means with number sign (#) are different from controls (p < 0.10).