Table 2. Stimuli characteristics for matched cognate and noncognate words in Experiment 1.

Variable	Cognate	Noncognate	P value (t-test)
Length	5.22	5.26	0.93
Number of syllables	1.63	1.48	0.47
Naming agreement	0.26	0.25	0.87
Word naming latencies (ms)	850.37	849.21	0.97
Age of acquisition (scale of 1–3)	1.81	2.04	0.41
L1 conceptual familiarity (scale of 1–7)	5.09	5.31	0.51
Phonological neighborhood size	10.6	10.5	0.97
Phonological onset (no onset fricative = 0, onset fricative = 1)	0.22	0.33	0.37
Frequency per million words (BNC)	4635.63	6564.33	0.33
Phonological similarity	3.47	1.08	<0.01
Semantic similarity	4.39	4.43	0.98