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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 4.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Metab. 2013 Jun 4;17(6):838–850. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.05.007

Figure 1. Longevity pathways that promote health and survival.

Figure 1

Current data indicate that environmental signals alter the pace of aging by modulating key metabolic sensors, such as SIRT1 and AMPK. These pathways interact with both mTOR and insulin/IGF-1 to control cell growth and energy intake. Obesity and aging reduce the ratios of NAD+/NADH and AMP/ATP, whereas DR has the opposite effect. Downstream, the actions of two transcriptional regulators, PGC-1α and FOXO, induce mitochondrial function and stress resistance, among other protective mechanisms. Together, this network coordinates cellular responses to stress, nutrient availability and metabolic demands, with mitochondria as key nexus points.