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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 29.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Occup Ther. 2012 Nov-Dec;66(6):691–698. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2012.003608

Table 1.

Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception Items and Support from Relevant Literature

Item No. Item Support from the literature
1 Decreased muscle tone Bergenheim, Johansson, Pedersen, Ohberg and Sjonlander, 1996; Johansson, Bergenheim, Djupsjoback, and Sjolander, 1995
2 Joint hypermobility Ferrel et al., 2004
3 Poor joint alignment and cocontraction Lephart and Fu, 2000; Riemann and Lephart, 2002
4 Inefficient ankle strategies Gatev, Thomas, Kepple, and Hallet, 1999; Horak, Nasher and Diener, 1989; Runge, Shupert, Horak and Zajac,1999
5 Inadequate weight-bearing and weight-shifting patterns Ashton-Miller et al., 2001
6 Decreased postural control Ghez, 1991
7 Decreased feedback-related motor planning abilities Sober and Sabes, 2003
8 Decreased feedforward-related motor planning abilities Dunn, Gillig, Ponsor, Weil and Utz, 1986; Gatev et al., 1999; Ghez, 1991
9 Inefficient grading of force Lafargue, Paillard, Lamarre, & Sirigu, 2003
10 Decreased fluidity of movements (not included in factor analysis) Mackrous and Proteau, 2010
11 Decreased mid-range control (not included in factor analysis) Lephart, Puncivero and Rozzi, 1998
12 Tiptoeing Wick and Zanni, 2010
13 Pushing others or objects Parham and Ecker, 2007
14 Enjoyment when being pulled Ayres & Tickle, 1980; Blanche, 2006; Blanche and Reinoso, 2008
15 Tendency to lean on others Ayres, 1972; Parham and Ecker, 2007
16 Over active Parham and Ecker, 2007
17 Overly passive Blanche and Reinoso, 2008
18 Crashing, falling, running Dunn, 1999; Dunn and Brown, 1997
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