Table 2.
Association between socio-demographic, injecting drug use, sexual behaviour and other characteristics, and HIV, use of used syringes (at last injection), and use of a professional injector (last injection) among injection drug users in Punjab, 2011*†
| HIV | Used dirty syringe, last injection | Used professional injector, last injection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age group | ||||||
| <20 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 20–24 | 1.56 (0.64 to 3.77) | 0.324 | 0.78 (0.32 to 1.86) | 0.569 | 0.63 (0.25 to 1.58) | 0.325 |
| 25–29 | 1.31 (0.54 to 3.18) | 0.547 | 0.73 (0.30 to 1.74) | 0.477 | 0.56 (0.22 to 1.40) | 0.213 |
| 30–34 | 1.23 (0.50 to 3.03) | 0.649 | 0.95 (0.39 to 2.30) | 0.904 | 0.51 (0.20 to 1.29) | 0.157 |
| 35–39 | 0.87 (0.34 to 2.20) | 0.764 | 0.82 (0.33 to 2.06) | 0.677 | 0.65 (0.25 to 1.70) | 0.381 |
| 40+ | 0.76 (0.30 to 1.91) | 0.563 | 0.64 (0.26 to 1.57) | 0.327 | 0.65 (0.25 to 1.68) | 0.374 |
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Primary school only | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.89) | 0.004 | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.12) | 0.277 | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.18) | 0.455 |
| Middle school or more | 0.84 (0.63 to 1.11) | 0.212 | 0.66 (0.50 to 0.87) | 0.003 | 0.85 (0.63 to 1.14) | 0.276 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Currently married | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.01) | 0.064 | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.20) | 0.579 | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.21) | 0.573 |
| Separated/divorced | 0.71 (0.51 to 0.98) | 0.037 | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.27) | 0.665 | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.12) | 0.192 |
| Where living | ||||||
| Home | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Hostel/hotel, etc | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.94) | 0.020 | 1.63 (1.19 to 2.22) | 0.002 | 0.86 (0.61 to 1.21) | 0.397 |
| Street/lane, etc | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.04) | 0.092 | 1.46 (1.14 to 1.86) | 0.003 | 1.36 (1.05 to 1.77) | 0.021 |
| Duration of injecting habit | ||||||
| 1 year or less | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 2–4 years | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.98) | 0.006 | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) | 0.698 | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) | 0.096 |
| 5–9 years | 1.61 (1.14 to 2.27) | 0.007 | 0.71 (0.51 to 0.98) | 0.040 | 0.69 (0.48 to 0.98) | 0.038 |
| 10+ years | 1.35 (0.86 to 2.13) | 0.194 | 0.73 (0.47 to 1.12) | 0.147 | 0.73 (0.46 to 1.17) | 0.193 |
| Frequency of injection, yesterday | ||||||
| 0 times | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 1–2 times | 0.43 (0.11 to 1.73) | 0.236 | 2.24 (0.45 to 11.14) | 0.326 | 0.69 (0.16 to 3.04) | 0.628 |
| 3+ times | 0.72 (0.18 to 2.86) | 0.642 | 1.83 (0.37 to 9.08) | 0.460 | 0.71 (0.16 to 3.11) | 0.653 |
| Where last injected | ||||||
| Non-public space | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Public space | 0.86 (0.63 to 1.18) | 0.349 | 0.89 (0.65 to 1.21) | 0.448 | 1.19 (0.84 to 1.68) | 0.335 |
| Who last injected with | ||||||
| Nobody | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Someone else | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.14) | 0.340 | 1.42 (1.11 to 1.82) | 0.006 | 7.32 (5.40 to 9.91) | 0.000 |
| Used dirty syringe, last injection | ||||||
| No | Ref | – | – | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.21) | 0.839 | – | – | 1.35 (1.08 to 1.68) | 0.008 |
| Used a professional injector, last injection | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | – | – | ||
| Yes | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.43) | 0.257 | 1.36 (1.09 to 1.69) | 0.007 | – | – |
| Injected avil | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.59 (0.42 to 0.82) | 0.002 | 1.04 (0.74 to 1.46) | 0.829 | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) | 0.764 |
| Injected heroin | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.17) | 0.430 | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.66) | 0.066 | 1.01 (0.77 to 1.34) | 0.921 |
| Injected diazepam | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.62 (0.46 to 0.83) | 0.002 | 1.20 (0.90 to 1.61) | 0.206 | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.12) | 0.207 |
| Injected tamgesic | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.42) | 0.788 | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.37) | 0.902 | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.58) | 0.385 |
| Paid FSW, last 6 months | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.20) | 0.460 | 1.37 (1.03 to 1.82) | 0.033 | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.12) | 0.216 |
| Paid MSW/HSW for sex, last 6 months | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 0.80 (0.53 to 1.21) | 0.285 | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.54) | 0.868 | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.44) | 0.764 |
| Has done sex work | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.42) | 0.616 | 1.15 (0.87 to 1.51) | 0.321 | 1.01 (0.76 to 1.35) | 0.939 |
| Aware of Government of Pakistan IDU services | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.17 (0.86 to 1.58) | 0.320 | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.96) | 0.024 | 2.14 (1.55 to 2.97) | 0.000 |
*Variables are considered statistically significant at the p<0.017 level, correcting for multiple comparisons.
†Lahore, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Multan and Rawalpindi cities included in analyses.
FSW, female sex worker; HSW, hijra sex worker; IDU, injecting drug user; MSW, male sex worker.