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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 29.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2011 Dec 14;5(1):257–291. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01032.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The bias contagion model. The left side of the figure illustrates Stage 1 of the model, the expression of nonverbal bias. Nonverbal bias can either occur as a veridical index of the expresser’s intergroup bias (direct causation) or because of worries about and strategies for appearing unbiased (indirect causation). The right side of the figure illustrates Stage 2 of the model, exposure to nonverbal bias. Through implicit learning, exposure to others’ nonverbal biases might lead observers to develop a tacit expectation of others’ affective responses. This tacit expectation may then lead to intergroup bias through normative or informational influence. Stage 2 also includes several important moderators that can interfere with implicit learning, normative influence, and/or informational influence.