DLPFC BOLD responses during action phase. a, The functional ROI for extracting UPD-specific and MAI-specific DLPFC responses was defined by the main effect of action over both levels, where an isolated cluster was identified in the right hemisphere (arrow; 203 voxels, p < 0.001, cluster FDR). b, ROI analysis revealed a significant UPD > MAI contrast in the right DLPFC, showing a larger response to updating events (**p = 0.009). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.