Table 3.
Men cancer site-specific incidence, adjusted HRs, and 95% CIs, by tobacco use: Mumbai cohort study, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 1991–2003
| Cancer sitea | Never-user | Smokeless | Smoker | Bidib | Cigarette | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cancer sites | n | 273 | 476 | 518 | 295 | 223 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | 2.00 (1.72–2.32) | 2.11 (1.77–2.53) | 1.92 (1.60–2.29) | |
| Lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00–14) |
n | 44 | 107 | 136 | 89 | 47 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.48 (1.03,2.13) | 3.03 (2.14,4.29) | 3.55 (2.40,5.24) | 2.50 (1.65,3.78) | |
| Tongue (C01, 02) |
n | 14 | 19 | 32 | 18 | 14 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.85 (0.42,1.74) | 2.34 (1.23,4.45) | 1.92 (0.91,4.05) | 2.41 (1.14,5.08) | |
| Gum (C03) |
n | 3 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 2 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.05 (0.55,7.64) | 3.94 (1.09,14.26) | 6.46 (1.64,25.40) | 1.52 (0.25,9.18) | |
| Mouth (C04,5,6) |
n | 15 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 5 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.40,1.54) | 1.27 (0.65,2.50) | 1.79 (0.84,3.82) | 0.67 (0.24,1.85) | |
| Pyriform sinus (C12) |
n | 8 | 24 | 25 | 16 | 9 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.97 (0.85,4.58) | 2.96 (1.31,6.68) | 2.97 (1.20,7.36) | 3.06 (1.16,8.05) | |
| Digestive organs (C15–26) |
n | 76 | 159 | 121 | 61 | 60 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.43 (1.07,1.90) | 1.70 (1.27,2.28) | 1.55 (1.07,2.23) | 1.83 (1.30,2.58) | |
| Esophagus (C15) |
n | 7 | 36 | 40 | 22 | 18 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 3.65 (1.59,8.38) | 5.75 (2.54,12.98) | 5.46 (2.23,13.58) | 5.72 (2.38,13.76) | |
| Stomach (C16) |
n | 16 | 31 | 20 | 9 | 11 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.28 (0.67,2.43) | 1.21 (0.62,2.37) | 0.98 (0.41,2.33) | 1.51 (0.69,3.29) | |
| Colon (C18) |
n | 12 | 20 | 14 | 8 | 6 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.22 (0.57,2.61) | 1.33 (0.60,2.94) | 1.24 (0.47,3.30) | 1.14 (0.42,3.07) | |
| Rectum (C20) |
n | 18 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.48 (0.22,1.02) | 0.40 (0.15,1.01) | 0.24 (0.05,1.11) | 0.57 (0.19,1.70) | |
| Liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (C22) |
n | 9 | 31 | 16 | 9 | 7 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.35 (1.08,5.10) | 2.00 (0.87,4.61) | 2.43 (0.88,6.72) | 1.96 (0.72,5.31) | |
| Pancreas (C25) |
n | 5 | 15 | 17 | 7 | 10 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.95 (0.68,5.54) | 3.86 (1.40,10.66) | 2.92 (0.85,10.02) | 4.66 (1.58,13.71) | |
| Respiratory and intrathoracic organs (C30–39) |
n | 27 | 64 | 114 | 76 | 38 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.71 (1.08,2.73) | 4.30 (2.80,6.60) | 5.54 (3.46,8.87) | 3.28 (1.99,5.39) | |
| Larynx (C32) |
n | 9 | 26 | 40 | 28 | 12 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.86 (0.85,4.06) | 4.33 (2.07,9.05) | 6.10 (2.72,13.69) | 2.87 (1.21,6.85) | |
| Bronchus and lung (C34) |
n | 17 | 34 | 65 | 41 | 24 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.59 (0.87,2.90) | 4.05 (2.35,7.00) | 4.69 (2.56,8.59) | 3.48 (1.86,6.52) | |
| Male genital organ (C60–63) |
n | 33 | 26 | 24 | 11 | 13 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.71 (0.41,1.23) | 0.96 (0.56,1.65) | 0.77 (0.38,1.59) | 1.16 (0.60,2.23) | |
| Prostate (C61) |
n | 30 | 20 | 20 | 9 | 11 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.63 (0.35,1.15) | 0.91 (0.51,1.63) | 0.73 (0.33,1.61) | 1.13 (0.56,2.27) | |
| Urinary tract (C64–68) |
n | 15 | 23 | 27 | 14 | 13 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.17 (0.59,2.31) | 1.99 (1.04,3.81) | 1.79 (0.81,3.94) | 2.05 (0.96,4.35) | |
| Bladder (C67) |
n | 10 | 15 | 20 | 9 | 11 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.52,2.76) | 2.16 (0.98,4.73) | 1.62 (0.61,4.25) | 2.78 (1.16,6.64) | |
| Ill-defined, secondary and unspecified sites (C76–80) |
n | 15 | 23 | 31 | 19 | 12 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.13 (0.57,2.23) | 2.10 (1.12,3.96) | 2.72 (1.30,5.71) | 1.83 (0.85,3.93) | |
| Unspecified site C80 |
n | 11 | 17 | 29 | 17 | 12 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.51,2.48) | 2.65 (1.30,5.41) | 3.17 (1.39,7.25) | 2.50 (1.09,5.70) | |
| Lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue (C81–96) |
n | 40 | 44 | 37 | 14 | 23 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.75 (0.48,1.18) | 1.06 (0.67,1.67) | 0.77 (0.40,1.47) | 1.33 (0.79,2.22) | |
| Non-Hodgkin’s (C83,85) | n | 12 | 22 | 18 | 6 | 12 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.33 (0.64,2.76) | 1.84 (0.87,3.86) | 1.12 (0.39,3.16) | 2.41 (1.08,5.41) | |
| All others | n | 22 | 26 | 25 | 9 | 16 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.94 (0.51,1.71) | 1.27 (0.70,2.30) | 0.97 (0.42,2.24) | 1.84 (0.96,3.54) | |
| Other skin (C44) | n | 1 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.85 (0.16,21.53) | 10.12 (1.24,82.95) | 9.90 (1.03,95.57) | 12.38 (1.36,112.71) |
Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for age, education, religion, mother tongue, and BMI; also shown is the 95% confidence interval of the HR obtained by fitting cox proportional hazards model
a
Name of the anatomic cancer site along with ICD code number
b
May include smokers of both bidis and cigarettes