Figure 4. Dimorphic element alleles diverged from an ancestral state.

(A–E) To scale representations of various dimorphic elements, including the (A, Concestor) inferred allele for the most recent common ancestor of extant D. melanogaster populations, and alleles from populations with Light (B, Light 1; C, Light 2) and Dark (D, Dark1; E, Dark 2) female pigmentation phenotypes. Dark blue and yellow rectangles respectively represent the fourteen ABD-B and two DSX binding sites. Thin and thick red lines respectively represent derived point and indel mutations. (A′–E′ and A″–E″) Comparison of GFP-reporter gene activities in female transgenic pupae was at 85 hAPF. Activity measurements are represented as the % of the D. melanogaster Concestor element female (A′–E′) A6 mean ± SEM and (A″–E″) A7 mean ± SEM. Red upward and downward arrows respectively indicate segments with increased and decreased regulatory activity. Yellow arrowhead indicates a region of expanded regulatory activity. Lowercase letter “g” indicates expression in the genitalia.