Table 1.

Demographic characteristics for the entire sample, and by reader group

Measure	Struggling	Typical	Total
Age (in years)	12.44 (1.02)	12.24 (0.96)	12.36 (1.00)
K-BIT 2 Verbal Knowledge	85.37 (12.8)	99.09 (13.1)	91.04 (14.57)
K-BIT 2 Matrices	94.02 (13.3)	104.34 (13.7)	98.55 (14.42)
K-BIT 2 Composite	88.20 (11.9)	102.60 (12.8)	94.52 (14.22)
Sex (female)	45.37	55.88	49.71
Limited English proficient	18.24	4.70	12.07
English as second language	14.54	1.52	9.15
Reduced/free lunch status	72.98	51.87	64.24
Special education	22.54	2.77	14.36
Retained	2.15	0.55	1.49
Ethnicity
African American	40.68	38.73	39.87
Hispanic	42.34	27.94	36.38
Caucasian	14.44	28.49	20.25
Asian	2.34	4.70	3.32

K-BIT 2 = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2; scores on K-BIT 2 are for descriptive purposes, expressed as standard scores. Verbal knowledge score is prorated based on vocabulary subtest (Riddles not given). Matrices score was administered at the end of the year, but is also age standardized. Age and K-BIT 2 display means (standard deviation). All other numbers are percentages within group; ethnicity percentages sum to one within rounding, within group. 58 students had scores of below 80 on both measures, 16 had scores below 75 (all struggling readers), and 7 had scores below 70 on both measures (all struggling readers). Age is in years, as of April 1, 2006 (though all standard scores derived from actual test data of evaluation). In terms of missing data, 19 students (1.09 %) missing limited English proficiency status, 43 students (2.46 %) missing English as second language status, 51 students (2.92 %) missing free lunch status, and 34 students (1.95 %) missing special education status. For continuous variables, reader groups differ, p<.0001, given the large sample sizes, though age differences are practically small. For categorical variables, reader groups differed on all variables, p<.0001