Table 5.

Factor intercorrelations among reader groups

Factor	Decoding	Fluency	Comprehension	Comprehension/fluency
Struggling readers
Decoding	1.00
Fluency	.703	1.00
Comprehension	.666	.550	1.00
Comprehension/fluency	.760	.812	.803	1.00
Typical readers
Decoding	1.00
Fluency	.590	1.00
Comprehension	.741	.622	1.00
Comprehension/fluency	.699	.807	.862	1.00

Indicators of decoding were WJ-3 Letter Word Identification and word attack; indicators of fluency are TOWRE SWE, WL fluency, and passage fluency; indicators of comprehension are WJ-3 passage comprehension, TCLD passage comprehension, and GRADE reading comprehension; indicators of comprehension/fluency were TOSRE, AIMSweb mazes, and TOSCRF