Fig. 2.

LAIV vaccination rapidly induces chemokines involved in enhanced lymphocyte recruitment to lungs. Mice were given LAIV, Sendai virus or PBS. After 3 weeks all mice were challenged with a sublethal dose of H1N1 except for the LAIV alone group (day 1), which did not receive H1N1 challenge. On days 1, 3 and 5 (lungs from Sendai virus vaccinated mice were harvested on day 5 only) following challenge lungs were harvested, cDNA was prepared and real time PCR was performed for (A) CXCL9 and (B) CXCL11. (C) On day 5 following H1N1 challenge of mice vaccinated with LAIV or PBS, the percent of each cell type present in bronchiolar lavage fluid (BAL) was determined by differential staining to distinguish macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and lymphocytes. Cell types present in uninfected animals (NONE) are also included for comparison. Each symbol indicates an individual mouse (*p < 0.05 in unpaired Student’s t test) and bar depicts group mean.