Effect of hypercapnia (ΔpH = 0.5) and warming (+4°C) on the: (a,b) routine metabolic rates (RMR, μmol O2 h−1 g−1 wet weight; n = 20); (c,d) pCO2 in the PVF (ppm; n = 20); (e,f) pH (n = 20); and (g,h) HCO3− (mM; n = 20) and in the PVF of intermediate embryonic (a,c,e,g) and pre-hatching (b,d,f,h) stages of common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Values represent the mean ± s.d. Different letters represent significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). Asterisks represent significant differences between life stages (p < 0.05).