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Triplots showing within-limb proportions of Mesozoic non-avialan (filled black circles) and avialan theropods (filled grey circles) and extant birds (open grey circles). (a) Forelimb (NMesozoic = 128; Nextant = 639); (b) hindlimb (NMesozoic = 153; Nextant = 708). Line drawings and extant bird values are from refs [12,13]. Line drawings are (left to right) Carnotaurus, Allosaurus, Archaeopteryx (forelimbs), Allosaurus, Phoenicopterus and Hesperornis (hindlimbs).
