Table 4.
Summary of Studies Explaining Risk Factors of Alcohol Problems among African Americans Compared to European Americans
| Authors | Recruitment | Data Source | Sample | Gender | Age | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environment | ||||||
| Police Presence | ||||||
| Conley, 1994 | Community, randomized sample | Juvenile justice system | Total:41 youth | Data not provided | Data not provided | AA>EA |
| Mastrofski et al., 1999 | Community convenience (police) and random (residents) sample | Project of Policing Neighborhoods St. Petersburg, FL | Total: 240 officers, 37 supervisors, and 1900 residents | Data not provided | Data not provided | AA>EA |
| Arrest for Drinking | ||||||
| Brown & Frank, 2006 | Convenience sample | Cincinnati Police Division, 1997–1998 | AA:252 EA:82 |
Data not provided | Data not provided | AA>EA |
| Caetano & Clark, 2000 | National randomized sample | Information not provided | AA:1582 EA:1636 |
Data not provided | 18–60 | AA>EA |
| Conley, 1994 | Community, randomized sample | Juvenile justice system | Total: 41 youth | Data not provided | Data not provided | AA>EA |
| Racial Discrimination | ||||||
| Borrell et al., 2007 | National randomized sample | Coronary Artery Risk Dev. in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 1985–2001 | AA:1507 EA:1813 |
Data not provided | 18–30 | AA>EA |
| Mulia et al., 2008 | National randomized sample | U.S. National Alcohol Survey (NAS), 2005 | AA:1054 EA:3967 |
AA:45/55 EA:48/52 |
18–50 | AA>EA problem drinking, via racial stigma, rate decreases once adjusted for distress EA>AA problem drinking, via unfair treatment, controlling for distress |
| Yen et al., 1990 | Community convenience sample | Muni Health and Safety Study, Transit operators; San Francisco | AA:476 EA:120 |
Total: 84/16 | 25–55 | AA>EA discrimination |
| Residential Factors | ||||||
| Bluthenthal et al., 2008 | Community randomized sample | Los Angeles County and Southeastern LA | AA:54 EA:62 |
Data not provided | N/A | ↑Malt liquor shelf space=↓EA population percentage |
| Bradizza et al., 2006 | Community convenience sample | University of Buffalo area | AA:23 EA:30 |
Total: 72/28 | 18–35 | ↑drinking malt liquor= ↑ enjoying outdoor activities |
| Duncan et al., 2002 | Community, convenience sample | Metro city in Pacific Northwest | AA:486 EA:700 |
Total: 43/57 | 7–61 | ↑ liquor stores= ↑ poverty neighborhoods |
| Jones-Webb et al., 2008 | National sample | Malt Liquor and Homicide Study, 2003 | AA:230 EA:220 |
Data not provided | N/A | AA neighborhoods >EA malt liquor and exterior storefront ads for malt liquor |
| LaVeist & Wallace, 2000 | Community, convenience sample | Baltimore, MD, 1990 US Census | AA:435720 EA:28778 |
Data not provided | N/A | AA neighborhoods >EA liquor stores, controlling for SES |
| Alcohol Content | ||||||
| Bluthenthal et al., 2005 | Community randomized sample | South Los Angeles, Watts and surrounding areas | AA:259 EA:3 |
Total: 72/28 | 29 –50 | malt liquor drinkers = ↑homeless, receive public assistance, unemployed, and drink outdoors |
| Bradizza et al., 2006 | Community convenience sample | University of Buffalo area | AA:23 EA:30 |
Total: 72/28 | 18–35 | AA=EA problems from malt liquor |
| Chen & Paschall, 2003 | Community convenience sample | University sample | AA:61 EA:391 |
Total: 42/58 | 18–25 | AA<EA drink malt liquor |
| Graves & Kaskutas, 2002 | Community, probability sample | Clinics in Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area, CA | AA:185 EA:34 |
Females only | 18+ | AA>EA, females |
| Estimated Level of Consumption | ||||||
| Kerr et al., 2009 | National randomized sample | NAS, 2005–2006 | AA:115 EA:119 |
Data not provided | 18+ | AA>EA underestimate intake |
| Social Sanctioning | ||||||
| Herd, 1994a | National, randomized sample | Alcohol Research Group, 1984 | AA:491 EA:560 |
Data not provided | 18+ | AA>EA problem with relatives and friends from drinking |
| Peralta & Steele, 2009 | Community based convenience sample | Midwestern university | AA:70 EA:259 |
Total: 38/62 | 18+ | AA>EA feel criticized for binge drinking by their non-EA peers |
Note. The racial categories included are African American (AA) and European American (EA). Gender categories are male (M) and female (F). Problem drinking: defined as having experienced 1+ negative social consequences of drinking and/or multiple symptoms meeting alcohol dependence criteria as defined by the DSM-IV in the past 12 months