Table 5.
Summary of Studies Explaining Risk of Alcohol Consumption and Problems among African Americans
| Authors | Recruitment | Data Source | Sample | Gender | Age | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic Differences | ||||||
| Edenberg et al., 2006 | National, randomized sample | COGA | Data not provided | Data not provided | Data not provided | ADHIB*3=↓ alcohol dependence |
| Ehlers et al., 2003 | Community, convenience sample | San Diego county | AA: 66 | 32/68 | 18–25 | ADH2*3 >ADH2*1 positive alcohol expectancies |
| Ehlers et al.,2001 | Community, convenience sample | Information not provided | AA: 97 | 42/58 | 18–25 | ADH2*3= negative family history of alcoholism. |
| Ehlers et al., 2007 | International, community sample | West Indies | AA: 231 (East Indian or African ancestry) |
88/12 | 18+ | ↑ADH1B*3 allele=↓use and alcohol dependent |
| Luo et al., 2006 | Community convenience sample | University of CT Health Center/VA CT Healthcare System |
AA: 150 | Data not provided | 18+ | ADH1B=↓liver disease |
| McCarthy et al., 2010 | Community convenience sample | Columbia, MO | AA: 91 | 42/58 | 21–26 | ADH1B*3=↑sedation and pulse rate after alcohol consumption |
| Thomasson et al., 1995 | Community convenience sample | 5 universities in Memphis, TN | AA: 326 | 50/50 | 21+ | ADH2*3>ADH2*1 faster blood ethanol disappearance rate and shorter time to reach zero blood ethanol concentration |
| Parental Monitoring | ||||||
| Herd & Grube, 1996 | National, randomized sample | Alcohol Research Group, 1984 | AA: 1947 | Data not provided | 18+ | ↑ involvement in black networks, ↓ heavy drinking ↑ religiosity, ↓ heavy drinking ↓pro-drinking norms, ↓heavy drinking |
| Clark et al., 2012 | Community, convenience sample | Southeastern U.S. | AA: 567 | Data not provided | 9–21 | ↑ parental monitoring=↓30-day alcohol use |
| Rai et al., 2003 | Community convenience Sample | Eastern urban area | AA: 1478 | 48/52 | 13–16 | ↑parental monitoring=↓alcohol use |
| Stanton et al., 2002 | Community, convenience sample | Low-income areas of Baltimore City, MD | AA: 383 | 56/44 | 9–15 | ↑Parental monitoring=↓drug use |
| Tebes et al., 2011 | Community, convenience sample | Northeastern U.S., afterschool program | AA: 207 | 54/46 | 6–11 | ↑Parental knowledge=↓substance use |
| Ethnic Identity | ||||||
| Belgrave et al., 2000 | Community, convenience sample | Elementary school in urban metro area in eastern U.S., 1995–1997 | AA: 195 | 52/ 48 | 8–12 | ↑racial identity=↓use |
| Brook & Pahl, 2005 | Community, convenience sample | Public school in East Harlem New York City, 1990,1995,2000 | AA: 333 | 49/51 | Grade 7–10 | ↑ racial identity =↓ use |
| Burlew et al., 2000 | National study | Center for Substance Abuse and Prevention (CSAP) | AA: 311 | 42/54 | Grade 6 | ↑racial identity=↓ alcohol use |
| Caldwell et al., 2004 | Community, convenience sample | Public high schools in Midwestern city, 1994–1998 | AA: 488 | 46/54 | Grade 9–12 | ↑racial identity=↓ alcohol use |
| Martin et al., 2004 | National, randomized sample | National Survey of Black Workers (NSBW), 1998–2000 | AA: 826 | Males Only | 18–96 | ↑racial identity= ↓alcohol use ↑Black culture=↓ alcohol use and problems |
| Nasim et al., 2007 | Community, convenience sample | Large metro area in Northeast U.S. | AA: 114 | 53/47 | 13–20 | ↑racial identity=↓ heavy use |
| Townsend & Belgrave, 2000 | Community, convenience sample | Inner-city public school, 1994–1995 | AA: 104 | 51/49 | 9–12 | ↑racial identity=↑ conservative drug attitudes |
| Africentric Values | ||||||
| Belgrave et al., 1994 | Community, convenience sample | Public school in Washington, DC | AA: 54 | 37/63 | 9.5–12.5 | ↑Africentric values= ↑conservative drug attitudes |
| Belgrave et al., 1997 | Community, convenience sample | Public school in Baltimore City & Washington, DC, 1992–1994 | AA: 189 | 44/56 | 8.5–13 | ↑Africentric values= ↑intolerant attitudes of drug use and drug harmfulness |
| Belgrave et al., 2000 | Community, convenience sample | Elementary school in urban metro area in eastern U.S., 1995–1997 | AA: 195 | 52/48 | 8–12 | ↑Africentric values=↑drug knowledge |
| Brook & Pahl, 2005 | Community, convenience sample | Public school in East Harlem New York City, 1990,1995,2000 | AA: 333 | 49/51 | Grade 7–10 | ↑Africentric=↓drug use risk |
| Nasim et al., 2007 | Community, convenience sample | Large metro area in Northeast U.S. | AA: 114 | 53/47 | 13–20 | ↑Africentric beliefs=↓alcohol use |
| Herd & Grube, 1996 | National, randomized sample | Alcohol Research Group, 1984 | AA: 1947 | Data not provided | 18+ | ↑involvement in Black networks and Black awareness=↓heavy use; via increased religiosity or decreased pro-drinking norms |
| Klonoff & Landrine, 1999 | Community randomized sample | San Bernardino County, CA | AA: 520 | 47/53 | 18–79 | ↑involvement in Black networks=↓heavy use |
| Religiosity | ||||||
| Klonoff & Landrine, 1999 | Community randomized sample | San Bernardino County, CA | AA: 520 | 243M; 277F | 18–79 | ↑religious=↓alcohol use |
| Martin et al., 2004 | National, randomized sample | National Survey of Black Workers (NSBW), 1998–2000 | 826 AA | Males only | 18–96 | ↑church attendance and religiosity=↓consumption and problems |
| Nasim et al., 2007 | Community, convenience sample | Large metro area in Northeast U.S. | AA: 114 | 53/47 | 13–20 | ↑religiosity=↓heavy use |
| Steinman & Zimmerman, 2004 | Community, convenience sample | Public high schools in midsized city in Midwest | AA: 705 | 49/51 | Grade 9–12 | ↑religious=↓alcohol use, for males |
| Wills et al., 2003a | Community, convenience sample | Information not provided | AA: 297 | 47/ 53 | 10–14 | ↑religiosity=↓substance use |
| Sex | ||||||
| Caetano & Clark, 1998a | National randomized sample | Institute for Survey Research of Temple University, 1995 | AA: 1582 | 41/59 | 18–60 | males>females |
| Ford et al., 2007 | National randomized sample | National Survey of American Life (NSAL) | AA: 837 | 40/60 | 55–93 | males>females |
| Kandel et al., 1997 | National, randomized multistage area probability sample | National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NHSDA), 1991–1993 | AA: 20744 | AA: 41/59 | 12–50 | males>females |
| Parker et al., 1995 | National randomized sample | NHSDA, 1988 | AA: 1888 | Data not provided | 12+ | males>females |
| SAMHSA, 2010 | National randomized sample | NSDUH, 2009 | AA: 29556 | 45/55 | 12–65 | males>females |
| SAMHSA, 2011 | National randomized sample | NSDUH, 2010 | AA: 30233 | 45/55 | 12–65 | males>females |
| Income | ||||||
| Barr et al., 1993 | Community randomized sample | New York State | AA: 777 | 43/57 | 18+ | lower>higher males>females |
| Ford et al., 2007 | National randomized sample | National Survey of American Life (NSAL) | AA: 837 | 40/60 | 55–93 | lower>higher |
| Gilman et al., 2008 | National randomized sample | NESARC, 2001–2002 | AA: 5282 | Data not provided | 18–60 | lower>higher |
| Herd, 1990 | National randomized sample | Information not provided | AA: 723 | Males only | 18–60 | lower>higher, heavy |
| Jones-Webb et al., 1995 | National randomized sample | NAS, 1984 | AA: 723 | Males only | Data not provided | lower>higher, males |
| Age | ||||||
| Caetano & Clark, 1998a | National randomized sample | Institute for Survey Research of Temple University, 1995 | AA: 1582 | AA: 41/59 | 18–60 | older>younger, heavy use |
| Herd, 1990 | National randomized sample | Information not provided | AA: 723 | Males only | 18–60 | older>younger |
| Johnson et al., 1998 | National randomized sample | Fighting Back community evaluation, 1992–1994 | AA: 4691 | Total: 43/57 | 12–80 | older>younger |
| Kandel et al., 1997 | National, randomized multistage area probability sample | NHSDA, 1991–1993 | Data not provided | Data not provided | 12–50 | older>younger alcohol dependence, males younger>older alcohol dependence, females |
Note. The racial categories included are African American (AA) and European American (EA). Gender categories are male (M) and female (F). Current: current alcohol use, typically past month. Binge: binge alcohol use defined as five or more drinks on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. Heavy: heavy alcohol use defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion (i.e., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days. Lifetime: defined as drinking at any time throughout life.