Table 1.

Description of demographic factors and clinical variables for healthy comparison (HC) (n = 28), euthymic bipolar (BD) (n = 23), manic/hypomanic BD (n = 17), and depressed BD subjects (n = 14). Premorbid IQ was quantified with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and psychiatric symptoms assessed with the Young Manic Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Parameter	HC	Euthymic BD	Manic/hypo BD	Depressed BD	Group Differences
Age (years)	34.9 ± 11.3	39.2 ± 8.7	33.8 ± 11.4	34.4 ± 8.7	ns
Gender (male/female)	11 M, 17 F	8 M, 15 F	13 M, 4 F	6 M, 8 F	b, D
Education (years)	14.4 ± 2.0	15.0 ± 2.3	13.8 ± 2.0	13.8 ± 1.8	ns
Ethnicity (n)					ns
Caucasian	17	13	16	10
Latino	4	2	0	1
African-American	5	8	1	3
Asian	2	0	0	0
BD Duration of Illness		10.8 ± 8.1	10.7 ± 7.6	9.1 ± 8.6	ns
BD Age of Onset		28.5 ± 9.1	22.5 ± 6.9	25.4 ± 9.3	ns
Number of BD Hospitalizations		2.5 ± 3.0	3.2 ± 2.7	3.6 ± 4.4	ns
Medication
Antipsychotic alone		8	3	2
Mood stabilizer alone		9	3	5
Antipsychotic + Mood stabilizer		4	7	5
Other medications		2	2	0
Not medicated		0	2	2
PPVT	102.8 ± 11.8	98.3 ± 13.0	101.0 ± 17.3	104.3 ± 14.4	ns
YMRS	0.7 ± 1.5	5.8 ± 4.0	25.7 ± 8.7	6.7 ± 4.1	A,B,C,D,F
HDRS	1.9 ± 2.1	5.6 ± 2.7	9.9 ± 5.2	20.1 ± 6.2	A,B,C,d,E,F
PANSS Total Score	33.0 ± 2.9	45.3 ± 9.0 †	77.0 ± 27.0	64.1 ± 18.9	B,C,D,E
PANSS Positive Symptoms	7.9 ± 1.2	11.0 ± 2.4	21.8 ± 8.3	12.3 ± 3.8	B,c,D,F
PANSS Negative Symptoms	7.8 ± 1.0	8.0 ± 1.0	14.3 ± 6.6	12.4 ± 6.6	B,C,D,e

Data are shown as the means ± standard deviation.

Significant differences between individual groups are denoted as follows;

^AHC and euthymic BD

^BHC and manic BD

^CHC and depressed BD

^Deuthymic and manic BD

^Eeuthymic and depressed BD

^Fmanic and depressed BD.

(^a,^b,^c,^d,^e,^fP < 0.05; ^A,B,C,D,E,F, P < 0.01).

^†indicates a trend towards a difference between the labeled BD group and HC (P < 0.1).