Table 2.

Description of functional assessment on the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA-2) and cognitive performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) for healthy comparison (HC) (n = 28), euthymic bipolar (BD) (n = 23), manic/hypomanic BD (n = 17), and depressed BD (n = 14) subjects. WCST total and perseverative errors are presented as T scores where a higher score indicates improved task performance.

Measure	HC	Euthymic BD	Manic/hypo BD	Depressed BD	Group Differences
UPSA-2 Total Score	104.3 ± 4.8	92.9 ± 11.5	81.3 ± 20.9	94.9 ± 11.8	A,B,c, f
UPSA-2 Comprehension	16.4 ± 2.4	13.4 ± 2.6	12.7 ± 3.4	13.2 ± 3.0	A,B,C
UPSA-2 Financial	18.5 ± 1.6	17.0 ± 3.0	15.6 ± 4.7 †	17.0 ± 3.7	ns
UPSA-2 Communication	16.9 ± 2.3	14.5 ± 3.0	12.3 ± 4.1	15.0 ± 3.2	a,B
UPSA-2 Transportation	16.3 ± 2.3	14.7 ± 3.0	14.1 ± 4.8	14.6 ± 3.3	ns
UPSA-2 Household skills	16.8 ± 2.4	16.3 ± 2.7	14.4 ± 5.6	17.5 ± 3.2	ns
UPSA-2 Medication	18.8 ± 1.4	17.0 ± 3.2	12.3 ± 7.3	17.6 ± 3.0	B,d,f
WCST Total Errors	51.8 ± 8.7	43.1 ± 12.8 †	37.9 ± 12.4	43.1 ± 10.5 †	B
WCST Perserverative Errors	50.1 ± 8.9	40.5 ± 9.3	36.5 ± 12.7	45.2 ± 10.4	A,B
WCST Categories completed	4.2 ± 1.1	3.0 ± 1.6	2.2 ± 1.7	2.9 ± 1.6	a, B ,c

Data are shown as the untransformed means ± standard deviation.

Significant differences between individual groups are denoted as follows;

^AHC and euthymic BD

^BHC and manic BD

^CHC and depressed BD

^Deuthymic and manic BD

^Fmanic and depressed BD.

(^a,b,c,d,fP < 0.05; ^A,B,C,C,D,F, P < 0.01).

^†indicates a trend towards a difference between the labeled BD group and HC (P < 0.1).