Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | Hydromorphone Rapid Titration Group (n=153) | Usual Care Group (n=166) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex n (%) | |||
| Female | 105 (68.6) | 108 (65.1) | 0.5 |
| Male | 48 (31.4) | 58 (34.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity n (%) | |||
| Hispanic | 97 (63.4) | 103 (62.0) | 0.6 |
| African-American | 35 (22.9) | 44 (26.5) | |
| White | 15 (9.8) | 16 (9.6) | |
| Other | 6 (3.9) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Age (years) Mean ± SD | 75 (7) | 74 (6) | 0.2 |
| Weight (lbs) Mean ± SD | 162 (33) | 165 (38) | 0.4 |
| Diagnosis n (%) | |||
| Nonspecific abdominal pain | 50 (33) | 57 (34) | 0.5 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 24 (16) | 24 (14) | |
| Back pain | 14 (9) | 13 (8) | |
| Colitis/diverticulitis | 14 (9) | 10 (6) | |
| Small bowel obstruction | 12 (8) | 13 (8) | |
| Extremity fracture | 11 (7) | 7 (4) | |
| Biliary colic/cholecystitis | 6 (4) | 11 (7) | |
| Kidney stone/pyelonephritis | 7 (5) | 11 (7) | |
| Appendicitis | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | |
| Other (pancreatitis, perforated viscus, volvulus, pneumonia, rib fracture, gout, etc) | 15 (10) | 14 (8) | |
| Pain intensity n (%) | |||
| 3–6 | 12 (7.8) | 13 (7.8) | 0.9 |
| 7 | 14 (9.2) | 20 (12.0) | |
| 8 | 31 (20.3) | 28 (16.9) | |
| 9 | 20 (13.1) | 24 (14.5) | |
| 10 | 76 (49.7) | 81 (48.8) | |
| Nauseated or vomited before receiving opioids in ED n (%) | |||
| Yes | 65 (42.8) | 77 (46.7) | 0.5 |
| No | 87 (57.2) | 89 (53.6) | |