Table 2.
Means, standard deviations, and results of the two-way ANCOVA (controlling for age)
| ADHD group | Control group | two-way ANCOVAs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Group | Sex | Group × Sex | |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | F | F | |
| Neuropsychological deficitsa | |||||||
| Inhibition | 0.41 (1.12) | 0.27 (1.00) | −0.33 (0.70) | −0.36 (0.72) | 31.60*** | 2.87 | 0.18 |
| Working memory | 0.25 (0.93) | 0.36 (0.99) | −0.29 (1.08) | −0.28 (0.83) | 23.36*** | 0.96 | 0.22 |
| Shifting | 0.32 (1.01) | 0.27 (1.02) | −0.28 (0.82) | −0.29 (0.86) | 20.54*** | 1.19 | 0.01 |
| RT variability | 0.32 (1.04) | 0.71 (1.04) | −0.56 (0.62) | −0.46 (0.57) | 81.81*** | 1.17 | 1.87 |
| Delay aversion | 0.09 (1.13) | 0.07 (1.03) | −0.23 (1.04) | 0.03 (0.81) | 1.61 | 0.54 | 0.98 |
| Emotion recognitionb | |||||||
| Anger | 4.59 (1.37) | 4.42 (1.38) | 5.48 (0.81) | 5.43 (0.83) | 34.92*** | 0.43 | 0.15 |
| Sadness | 3.22 (1.01) | 3.42 (1.01) | 3.60 (0.97) | 3.89 (0.68) | 10.85*** | 3.42 | 0.13 |
| Fear | 2.65 (1.48) | 2.87 (1.17) | 3.59 (1.42) | 3.68 (1.45) | 19.83*** | 0.77 | 0.11 |
| Happiness | 5.20 (0.92) | 5.20 (0.98) | 5.65 (0.65) | 5.70 (0.54) | 17.68*** | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Disgust | 4.13 (1.54) | 4.25 (1.36) | 4.36 (1.41) | 4.36 (1.24) | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
| Surprise | 3.52 (1.39) | 3.85 (1.30) | 4.30 (1.38) | 4.27 (1.05) | 11.50*** | 2.81 | 1.04 |
| Emotion regulation deficitsc | |||||||
| Anger | 3.42 (1.14) | 3.44 (1.05) | 1.83 (0.77) | 1.81 (0.68) | 151.20*** | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Sadness | 3.26 (1.06) | 3.32 (0.95) | 2.12 (1.00) | 2.01 (0.88) | 79.26*** | 0.45 | 0.39 |
| Scared | 2.90 (1.22) | 3.19 (1.11) | 1.86 (0.85) | 2.04 (0.86) | 56.81*** | 1.24 | 0.15 |
| Happiness | 3.37 (1.01) | 3.36 (1.10) | 2.01 (0.98) | 2.05 (0.81) | 90.23*** | 0.00 | 0.03 |
a
Standardized measures.
b
Measured on a scale from 1 to 5.
c
Measured as correct responses (maximum = 6).
***
p < .001.