Table 1.
Prospective studies using restraint measures to predict weight change.
| Citation | N | Sex | Age | TI BMI | Measure type | BMI: SR or PM | Time length | Predict weight gain? Y or N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| de Lauzon-Guillain et al., 2006 | Younger: 271 | M = 139 | Younger: 16.4a | Younger: 20.1 | CRb | PM | T1—T2: 2 yrs | N—Younger |
| Older: 466 | F = 132 | Range: 14–24 | Older: 24.7 | N—Older | ||||
| M = 207 | Older: 42.7 | |||||||
| F = 259 | Range: 31–67 | |||||||
| Delinsky and Wilson, 2008 | 149 | F | 17.92 (±0.50) | 22.3 (±3.52) | DR | SR | T1—T2: 8 mos | N |
| Drapeau et al., 2003 | 75 | M = 30 | M: 44.2 (±2.6) | M: 29.7 (±1.3) | CR | PM | T1—T2: 6 yrs | N—M |
| F = 45 | F: 38.0 (±2.0) | F: 28.3 (±1.1) | N—F | |||||
| Finlayson et al., 2012 | 120 | M = 22 | 19.2 (±2.6) | 21.9 (±3.2) | CRb | PM | T1—T2: 12 mos | N |
| F = 98 | ||||||||
| Hays et al., 2006 | 36 | F | 61.3 (±3.1) | 23.5 (±3.1) | CR | PM | T1—T2: 4.4 | N |
| Range: 55–65 | (±0.9) yrs | |||||||
| Klesges et al., 1992 | 250 | M = 123 | 35.7 (±4.51) | M: ~26.95 | RS | PM | T1—T2: 1 yr | N—M |
| F = 127 | Range: 26–53 | F: ~24.73 | Y—F | |||||
| Klesges et al., 1991 | 305 | M = 98 | 21 (±6.23) | Overall means not reported | RS | SR | T1—T2: 2.5 yrs | N |
| F = 207 | ||||||||
| Koenders and van Strien, 2011 | 1562 | M = 963 | 44.10 (±8.90) | 25.08 (±3.5) | DR | SR | T1—T2: 2 yrs | N |
| F = 599 | ||||||||
| Lowe et al., 2006 | 69 | F | 18.06 (±0.23) | 21.9 (± 2.4) | CR & DR | PM | T1—T2: 8 mos | N |
| Range: 18–19 | ||||||||
| Pliner and Saunders, 2008 | 72 | M = 15 | ~18.7 | M: ~23.5 | RS | PM | T1—T2: 5.5 mos | N |
| F = 57 | F: ~22.9 | |||||||
| Savage et al., 2009 | 163 | F | 35.7 (±4.7) | 26.5 (±6.2) | CR | PM | T1—T2: 6 yrs | N |
| Snoek et al., 2008 | 808 | M = 405 | Youngerc: 13.4 (±0.50) | Younger: ~18.9 | DR | SR | T1—T2: 3 yrs | Nd |
| F = 403 | Older: 15.2 (±0.60) | Older: ~19.9 | ||||||
| Range: 13–16 | ||||||||
| Stice et al., 1999 | 692 | F | 14.9 | 21.9 | RS | PM | T1—T2: 4 yrs | N |
| Range: 3.6–17.1 | ||||||||
| Tiggemann, 2004 | 77 | M = 19 | 25.12 (±8.76) | Not reported | RS | SR | T1—T2: 8 yrs | N—M |
| F = 58 | N—F | |||||||
| Tucker and Bates, 2009 | 192 | F | 40 (±3) | Not reported | DR | PM | T1—T2: 3 yrs | N |
| Van Strien et al., 1986 | 590 | M = 308 | 48.2 (±14.5)e | ~26.74 (±4.33) | DR | SR | T1—T2: 2 yrs | N |
| F = 282 | Range: 19–75 |
T1, Time 1 measurement; T2, Time 2 measurement; BMI, body mass index; DR, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Restrained Eating subscale; CR, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, Cognitive Restraint subscale; RS, Herman and Polivy Revised Restraint Scale; SR, self-report; PM, physical measurement.
This study included adult parents and their offspring. Each group was analyzed separately.
These studies used the cognitive restraint scale from the 18-item revised Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (38), whereas all other studies labeled CR used the cognitive restraint scale from the original TFEQ (15).
Participants were sibling pairs; data were split by cohort (older sibling and younger sibling) and analyzed separately; non-independent observations are not an issue because older siblings were compared only to other older siblings in other families. Sibling pairs were not combined in analyses.
This study looked at 4 longitudinal analyses across 3 years (year 1 to year 2; year 2 to year 3). Since only one of these analyses predicted weight gain from year 1 to year 2, we counted this study as having not found that restraint predicted weight gain over the 3 years.
Age information applies to all participants included in baseline assessments, not just those who completed follow up.