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. 2013 Sep 2;4:566. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00566

Table 8.

Regression analysis.

Model	Variable	Beta	T	F(df)	R²	R² change
MUSIC PERCEPTION TOTAL SCORE
1				F_{(2, 58)} = 5.21^**	0.15	0.15
	Music education	0.28	2.27^*
	Age group	−0.20	−1.62
2				F_{(4, 56)} = 3.77^**	0.21	0.06
	Music education	0.28	2.25^*
	Age group	−0.14	−1.07
	Auditory working memory	−0.01	−0.05
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.25	−2.07^**
3				F_{(5, 55)} = 4.43^**	0.29	0.08
	Music education	0.28	2.37^*
	Age group	−0.08	−0.61
	Auditory working memory	−0.02	−0.19
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.26	−2.23^*
	Visuospatial perception	0.28	2.40^*
4				F_{(6, 54)} = 5.27^***	0.37	0.08
	Music education	0.28	2.47^*
	Age group	−0.09	−0.74
	Auditory working memory	−0.10	−0.85
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.23	−2.03^*
	Visuospatial perception	0.27	2.42^*
	Word stress perception	0.30	2.65^*
SCALE SUBTEST
1				F_{(2, 58)} = 3.67^*	0.11	0.11
	Music education	0.15	1.20
	Age group	−0.26	−2.00^*
2				F_{(4, 56)} = 1.78	0.11	0.00
	Music education	0.15	1.15
	Age group	−0.25	−1.79⁺
	Auditory working memory	−0.01	0.10
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.04	−0.30
3				F_{(5, 55)} = 2.05⁺	0.16	0.05
	Music education	0.15	1.19
	Age group	−0.20	−1.44
	Auditory working memory	0.00	0.01
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.05	−0.36
	Visuospatial perception	0.22	1.71⁺
4				F_{(6, 54)} = 1.85	0.17	0.01
	Music education	0.15	1.18
	Age group	−0.20	−1.47
	Auditory working memory	−0.03	−0.22
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.03	−0.25
	Visuospatial perception	0.21	1.67
	Word stress perception	0.12	0.91
OUT-OF-KEY SUBTEST
1				F_{(2, 58)} = 3.35^*	0.10	0.10
	Music education	0.31	2.40^*
	Age group	−0.04	−0.31
2				F_{(4, 56)} = 2.77^*	0.17	0.06
	Music education	0.32	2.51^*
	Age group	−0.01	−0.04
	Auditory working memory	−0.12	−0.98
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.23	−1.82⁺
3				F_{(5, 55)} = 2.55^*	0.19	0.02
	Music education	0.32	2.54^*
	Age group	0.03	0.21
	Auditory working memory	−0.13	−1.06
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.24	−1.87⁺
	Visuospatial perception	0.15	1.23
4				F_{(6, 54)} = 2.87^*	0.24	0.05
	Music education	0.32	2.58^*
	Age group	0.00	0.00
	Auditory working memory	−0.20	−1.53
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.21	−1.68⁺
	Visuospatial perception	0.14	1.18
	Word stress perception	0.24	1.96⁺
OFF-BEAT SUBTEST
1				F_{(2, 58)} = 1.67	0.05	0.05
	Music education	0.14	1.07
	Age group	−0.15	−1.15
2				F_{(4, 56)} = 2.83^*	0.17	0.11
	Music education	0.12	0.90
	Age group	−0.04	−0.33
	Auditory working memory	0.13	1.06
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.32	−2.52^*
3				F_{(5, 55)} = 3.33^*	0.23	0.06
	Music education	0.11	0.96
	Age group	0.01	0.10
	Auditory working memory	0.12	0.97
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.33	−2.67^*
	Visuospatial perception	0.26	2.15^*
4				F_{(6, 54)} = 4.34^**	0.33	0.09
	Music education	0.12	1.18
	Age group	0.00	0.00
	Auditory working memory	0.04	0.32
	Pitch discrimination threshold	−0.29	−2.48^*
	Visuospatial perception	0.25	2.15^*
	Word stress perception	0.32	2.73^**

^***

p < 0.001;

^**

p < 0.01;

^*

p < 0.05;

⁺

p < 0.10.