Table 4.

Soluble molecules with a suppressive activity on TIL and counteracting strategies.

Inhibitory molecule	Could be reversed by	Function tested
Reversion tested in a clinical trial
TGF-β	anti-TGF-β antibody		CT01112293a
Reversion tested in vitro—drug used for other purposes
Galectin-1	galactomannan DAVANAT®	proliferation	[276,277]
		cytokine secretion
Galectin-3	modified citrus pectin GCS-100®	cytokine secretion	[154] + unpublished data
	galactomannan DAVANAT®	lytic activity
PGE2b	COX inhibitors	TCR signaling	[265,278-281]
		proliferation
		cytokine secretion
Reversion tested in vitro—no drug available yet
Arginase / NO synthas	NOHA	proliferation	[282-284]
	1-NMMA
IDO	dextro-1-methyl tryptophane	proliferation	[285-289]
	IDO inhibitors
IL-10	anti-IL-10 antibody	lytic activity	[273,274,290-294]
	Anti rIL-10 antibody	proliferation
		cytokine secretion
Adenosine	CD39 inhibitor ARL67156	lytic activity	[295-297]
	methylxanthines: caffeine and theophylline	cytokine secretion
Galectin-9	no compound described		[189,298]

^aDescribed in http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.

^bCan also induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.