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. 2011 Aug 10;3(3):3242–3278. doi: 10.3390/cancers3033242

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© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 7. — The p53 pathway and retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein signaling are shown. MDM2 and MDM4 are important negative regulators of the p53. p14^ARF inhibits MDM2, thus promoting p53. DNA damage activates ATM, which leads to activation of checkpoint kinases (CHK2) and p53. Solid and dashed arrows indicate activation and suppression, respectively. Activating genetic alterations are shown in red circle. Genetic alterations that lead to a loss of function are indicated in blue circle. Figure is modified from [121].