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. 2013 Sep 3;4:230. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00230

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Copyright © 2013 Terrier and Dériaz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Short-term local dynamic stability (LDS). Twenty healthy subjects walked 3 × 5 min on an instrumented treadmill without (thin lines, black) and with Rhythmic Auditory Cueing [RAC, (metronome), thick lines, red] at their preferred cadence for the given speed. The center of pressure trajectory over 175 consecutive strides was analyzed along the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes. Short-term LDS is computed from the rate of logarithmic divergence over one step (finite time Lyapunov exponents, λ_S). Selected speeds were Preferred Walking Speed (middle, PWS), 0.7 × PWS (left, Slow) and 1.3 × PWS (right, Fast). The range of individual results (N = 20) is presented with notched boxplots. + signs represent outliers. Printed values are mean (SD). Bottom panels show the effect size (ES) of the auditory cueing [i.e., the mean difference normalized by SD (Hedges's g)]. Vertical boxes are the 95% confidence intervals for the effect size estimations.