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. 2013 Jul 29;14(8):15724–15739. doi: 10.3390/ijms140815724

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Cardiac GLO-I activity (a), mRNA expression (b) and protein levels (c) in control (C) and diabetic rats (D). Cardiac GLO-I overexpression was confirmed in the diabetic GLO-1 transgenic rats (DG) by making use of immunohistochemistry (d) and determining GLO-I enzyme activity (e). Cardiac levels of MGO (f), GO (g), 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) (h), N^ɛ-(1-carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) (i) and N^ɛ-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) (j) in the three groups were measured by UPLC-MSMS. *p < 0.05 compared with control group, **p < 0.01 compared with control group, ***p < 0.001 compared with control group, and ^###p < 0.001 compared with diabetes group.