TABLE 5.
Results From Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated With Refractive Errors Among Participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study on Atherosclerosis
| High Myopia |
Any Myopia |
Any Hyperopia |
Significant Hyperopia |
Astigmatism |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (y) | ||||||||||
| 45-54 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| 55-64 | 0.74 (0.55-1.01) | .060 | 0.69 (0.58-0.82) | <.001 | 3.34 (2.77-4.04) | <.001 | 3.43 (2.16-5.44) | <.001 | 1.50 (1.27-1.77) | <.001 |
| 65-74 | 0.29 (0.17-0.48) | <.001 | 0.41 (0.33-0.52) | <.001 | 5.31 (4.27-6.61) | <.001 | 6.48 (3.99-10.52) | <.001 | 2.81 (2.31-3.43) | <.001 |
| 75+ | 0.32 (0.14-0.69) | .004 | 0.43 (0.30-0.60) | <.001 | 5.66 (4.24-7.57) | <.001 | 9.20 (5.28-16.05) | <.001 | 6.18 (4.66-8.25) | <.001 |
| Race | ||||||||||
| White | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Chinese | 3.33 (2.08-5.36) | <.001 | 1.64 (1.24-2.18) | .001 | 0.63 (0.47-0.85) | .002 | 0.65 (0.36-1.16) | .141 | 1.16 (0.89-1.49) | .271 |
| Black | 0.77 (0.52-1.15) | .202 | 0.79 (0.65-0.96) | .019 | 0.93 (0.78-1.11) | .459 | 0.64 (0.45-.89) | .009 | 0.92 (0.78-1.10) | .370 |
| Hispanic | 0.63 (0.37-1.07) | .090 | 0.61 (0.47-0.79) | <.001 | 1.48 (1.18-1.86) | .001 | 1.09 (0.74-1.63) | .643 | 0.79 (0.64-0.98) | .035 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Male | 0.81 (0.54-1.20) | .293 | 0.82 (0.66-1.02) | .072 | 0.82 (0.67-1.00) | .051 | 0.71 (0.50-1.02) | .064 | 1.19 (0.99-1.45) | .058 |
| Income | ||||||||||
| <20K | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| 20K-<40K | 0.72 (0.44-1.17) | .184 | 0.86 (0.67-1.10) | .229 | 1.17 (0.96-1.43) | .121 | 1.02 (0.73-1.43) | .889 | 0.94 (0.78-1.14) | .537 |
| 40K-<75K | 0.77 (0.47-1.25) | .290 | 0.98 (0.76-1.7) | .895 | 0.98 (0.79-1.22) | .869 | 1.08 (0.74-1.59) | .677 | 0.92 (0.75-1.14) | .463 |
| 75K+ | 0.82 (0.50-1.36) | .447 | 0.98 (0.738-1.27) | .800 | 1.17 (0.91-1.51) | .230 | 1.25 (0.79-1.99) | .340 | 0.95 (0.75-1.20) | .651 |
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Homemaker | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Employed | 1.94 (1.95-3.96) | .068 | 1.59 (1.17-2.16) | .003 | 1.02 (0.80-1.31) | .872 | 1.15 (0.75-1.75) | .521 | 0.88 (0.69-1.11) | .280 |
| Unemployed | 3.63 (1.45-9.08) | .006 | 1.66 (1.01-2.75) | .046 | 0.76 (0.47-1.23) | .266 | 1.45 (0.60-3.49) | .407 | 1.07 (0.70-1.64) | .746 |
| Retired | 2.05 (0.93-4.52) | .075 | 1.37 (0.98-1.92) | .068 | 1.12 (0.86-1.45) | .397 | 1.18 (0.78-1.78) | .436 | 0.92 (0.71-1.18) | .504 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| Less than HS | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| HS diploma | 2.15 (0.88-5.30) | .093 | 1.32 (0.95-1.82) | .095 | 0.91 (0.72-1.15) | .450 | 1.03 (0.72-1.49) | .856 | 0.84 (0.67-1.06) | .150 |
| Some college | 3.36 (1.46-7.70) | .004 | 1.94 (1.44-2.62) | <.001 | 0.79 (0.63-0.99) | .039 | 0.66 (0.45-0.98) | .039 | 0.98 (0.79-1.23) | .885 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 6.88 (2.98-15.90) | <.001 | 2.69 (1.95-3.71) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.47-0.79) | <.001 | 0.72 (0.46-1.15) | .169 | 0.97 (0.75-1.25) | .810 |
| Graduate school | 8.99 (3.85-20.98) | <.001 | 3.45 (2.48-4.81) | <.001 | 0.52 (0.39-0.68) | <.001 | 0.50 (0.30-0.83) | .008 | 1.00 (0.77-1.31) | .974 |
| Height (cm) | 1.00 (0.98-1.03) | .735 | 1.01 (1.00-1.03) | .018 | 0.99 (0.98-1.0) | .015 | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | .228 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | .758 |
| Study site | ||||||||||
| Forsyth County, NC | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| New York, NY | 1.17 (0.65-2.13) | .609 | 1.26 (0.94-1.68) | .118 | 1.11 (.87-1.43) | .389 | 1.82 (1.17-2.82) | .007 | 1.20 (0.94-1.54) | .139 |
| Baltimore, MD | 1.19 (0.68-2.08) | .546 | 1.33 (1.01-1.74) | .040 | .88 (.69-1.13) | .322 | 1.09 (0.69-1.72) | .703 | 1.38 (1.08-1.75) | .008 |
| St Paul, MN | 1.94 (1.11-3.38) | .020 | 1.76 (1.33-2.34) | <.001 | .68 (.53-.89) | .004 | 0.93 (0.58-1.49) | .755 | 1.36 (1.06-1.75) | .015 |
| Chicago, IL | 1.35 (0.80-2.26) | .260 | 1.79 (1.38-2.33) | <.001 | .69 (.54-.89) | .004 | 0.76 (0.46-1.26) | .293 | 1.44 (1.13-1.83) | .003 |
| Los Angeles, CA | 0.81 (0.44-1.49) | .494 | 1.10 (0.82-1.49) | .516 | .71 (.55-.93) | .013 | 0.78 (0.47-1.28) | .323 | 1.42 (1.11-1.83) | .006 |
CI = confidence interval; HS = high school; K = thousand (US$); OR = odds ratio.