Table 1.
Base-Case Values for Each Breast Cancer Stage
| Characteristic | Breast Cancer Stage |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ | Local Invasive | Regional Invasive | Distant Invasive | |
| Breast cancer cost, $* | ||||
| First year | 8893 | 11 710 | 22 139 | 34 192 |
| After first year | 777 | 554 | 3209 | 10 061 |
| Last year of life† | 31 694 | 37 516 | 52 620 | |
| Proportion of healthy-state QALYs lost | ||||
| First year | 0.096 | 0.154 | 0.247 | 0.247 |
| After first year | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.095 | 0.168 |
| Proportions in each stage‡ | ||||
| Aged 40–49 y | ||||
| No mammography$ | – | 0.515 | 0.431 | 0.079 |
| Mammography every 3–4 years$ | – | 0.643 | 0.327 | 0.030 |
| Low breast density | – | 0.676 | 0.296 | 0.028 |
| High breast density | – | 0.617 | 0.353 | 0.031 |
| Mammography every 2 years | ||||
| Low breast density | – | 0.713 | 0.269 | 0.018 |
| High breast density | – | 0.657 | 0.323 | 0.020 |
| Aged 50–59 y | ||||
| No mammography$ | – | 0.483 | 0.443 | 0.074 |
| Mammography every 3–4 years$ | – | 0.660 | 0.323 | 0.017 |
| Low breast density¶ | – | 0.703 | 0.276 | 0.021 |
| High breast density** | – | 0.647 | 0.330 | 0.023 |
| Mammography every 2 years | ||||
| Low breast density¶ | – | 0.737 | 0.249 | 0.014 |
| High breast density** | – | 0.685 | 0.299 | 0.015 |
| Aged 60–69 y | ||||
| No mammography$ | – | 0.496 | 0.407 | 0.097 |
| Mammography every 3–4 years$ | – | 0.695 | 0.273 | 0.032 |
| Low breast density¶ | – | 0.740 | 0.234 | 0.026 |
| High breast density** | – | 0.689 | 0.283 | 0.028 |
| Mammography every 2 years | ||||
| Low breast density¶ | – | 0.771 | 0.213 | 0.016 |
| High breast density** | – | 0.724 | 0.258 | 0.018 |
| Aged 70–79 y | ||||
| No mammography$ | – | 0.533 | 0.378 | 0.080 |
| Mammography every 3–4 years$ | – | 0.764 | 0.219 | 0.017 |
| Low breast density¶ | – | 0.775 | 0.209 | 0.015 |
| High breast density** | – | 0.731 | 0.252 | 0.017 |
| Mammography every 2 years | ||||
| Low breast density¶ | – | 0.803 | 0.187 | 0.010 |
| High breast density** | – | 0.762 | 0.227 | 0.011 |
BI-RADS = Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System; QALY = quality-adjusted life-year.
In 2008 U.S. dollars.
Applied only to women who are dying of breast cancer and not other causes.
Stage distributions for annual mammography (not shown) did not significantly differ from those for biennial mammography. Distributions by age and screening frequency were calculated from Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium data (Supplement, available at www.annals.org).
Stage distributions stratified by age only.
Proportion does not fall between the estimates for high and low breast density because of a very slight estimation error when the stage distributions stratified by both age and breast density were estimated from generalized ordinal logit regressions. Sensitivity analyses showed that this error did not significantly influence the costs per QALY gained (data not shown).
BI-RADS category 1 or 2 breast density.
BI-RADS category 3 or 4 breast density.