Table 1.

The influence of ECs on the multipotency of tissue-specific MSCs.

Niche Component	Model	Stem cell surrogate	Niche surrogate	Lineage assessed	Effect on differentiation	Context	Proposed mechanism	Investigator
Endothelial cell	3D	ASC	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↓	Paracrine	↑Wnt	Rajashekhar et al. [187]
Endothelial cell	3D	ASC	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↓	Juxtacrine	↑Wnt	Rajashekhar et al. [187]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Paracrine	(Dkk1-Wnt, FGF, PDGF, BMP, TGFβ, Notch)	Saleh et al. [188]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HUVEC	Adipogenesis	—	Paracrine	—	Saleh et al. [189]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	—	Xue et al. [190]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HDMEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	BMP-2	Kaigler et al. [191]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HDMEC	osteogenesis	—	Paracrine	—	Kaigler et al. [191]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HDMEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	N-cadherin	Li et al. [192]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HDMEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Paracrine	VEGF	Grellier et al. [193]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HDMEC	Osteogenesis	↓	Paracrine	Osterix/OSX	Meury et al. [194]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	Cx43/gap junctions	Villars et al. [195]
Endothelial cell	2D	BMSC	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	—	Villars et al. [196]
Endothelial cell	2D	HOP	HUVEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	—	Guillotin et al. [197]
Endothelial cell	2D	HOP	EPC, HSVEC	Osteogenesis	↑	Juxtacrine	Cx43/gap junctions	Guillotin et al. [197]