Table 5.

Study 2: Language Ability Predicting the Development of Inattentive-Hyperactive and Externalizing Problems (Q1: Does Language Ability Have an Independent Effect on Behavior Problems?)

	Inattentive-hyperactive problems					Externalizing problems
Variable	B	β	SE	df	p	B	β	SE	df	p
Intercept	6.594	0.01	0.212	144.91	<.001	13.795	0.00	0.494	104.68	<.001
Time	−0.238	−0.04	0.066	215.36	<.001	−0.432	−0.01	0.184	71.24	.021
Female	−0.419	−0.15	0.026	392.78	<.001	−0.619	−0.09	0.057	566.60	<.001
African American	−0.196	−0.07	0.040	531.45	<.001	−0.531	−0.06	0.101	191.59	<.001
Hispanic	−0.285	−0.09	0.043	497.95	<.001	−0.605	−0.07	0.104	355.86	<.001
Mother highest grade	−0.018	−0.03	0.006	707.85	.001	−0.046	−0.02	0.014	287.20	.001
Mother IQ	0.001	0.04	0.001	127.44	.096	0.004	0.03	0.002	130.36	.016
Mother age at birth	−0.035	−0.08	0.002	362.74	<.001	−0.070	−0.11	0.006	155.74	<.001
Family income	−0.071	−0.05	0.016	173.77	<.001	−0.291	−0.09	0.041	91.13	<.001
Sample weight	−0.139	−0.08	0.018	401.74	<.001	−0.218	−0.05	0.044	194.37	<.001
Math	−0.010	−0.09	0.002	384.42	<.001	−0.011	−0.03	0.004	191.68	.006
Reading comprehension	−0.007	−0.06	0.002	329.41	<.001	−0.012	−0.05	0.005	205.77	.008
Reading recognition	−0.004	−0.05	0.002	305.59	.030	−0.008	−0.03	0.005	111.22	.094
Short-term memory	−0.016	−0.03	0.005	329.05	.003	−0.007	−0.01	0.015	68.13	.671
Female × Time	−0.003	0.00	0.010	188.14	.753	0.004	0.00	0.023	148.17	.861
African American × Time	−0.018	−0.01	0.011	1179.56	.087	0.042	0.01	0.031	133.43	.169
Hispanic × Time	−0.014	−0.01	0.012	531.49	.248	0.024	0.01	0.033	121.85	.477
Mother Highest Grade × Time	0.003	0.01	0.002	339.07	.140	0.011	0.01	0.005	150.14	.022
Mother IQ × Time	0.000	0.01	0.000	122.32	.286	0.000	0.00	0.001	75.94	.856
Mother Age At Birth × Time	0.007	0.04	0.001	401.27	<.001	0.004	0.01	0.002	192.46	.029
Family Income × Time	0.000	0.00	0.006	150.58	.952	−0.002	0.00	0.015	66.96	.870
Math × Time	0.000	0.00	0.001	385.48	.869	0.001	0.01	0.001	160.75	.340
Reading Comprehension × Time	0.000	0.01	0.001	381.85	.643	0.000	0.00	0.002	143.01	.834
Reading Recognition × Time	0.000	−0.01	0.001	338.71	.503	0.000	0.01	0.002	120.21	.785
Short-Term Memory × Time	0.000	0.00	0.002	310.83	.949	−0.005	−0.01	0.005	165.11	.262
Language ability	−0.002	−0.02	0.001	82.01	.008	−0.004	−0.02	0.001	46.61	.009
Pseudo-R2	.23					.22

Note. Time represents age in years centered on age 4. Interactions with time represent associations with the slopes of behavior problems. Parameters where p< .05 in bold, p< .10 in italics.