MitoPLD localized on the mitochondrial surface hydrolyzes cardiolipin to generate PA, a negatively-charged lipid, which may promote nuage complex formation either by recruiting the positively-charged nuage via electrostatic attraction, by anchoring a nuage-localized PA-binding protein, or by affecting piRNA precursor or mitochondrial trafficking along microtubules. GASZ co-localizes with mili, MVH, TDRD1, RanBP9, or MIWI depending on the stages of spermatogenesis. The piP-body contains Mael, MIWI2 and TDRD9 and physically interacts with nuage/the pi-body. See text for additional details.