Table 4. Independent associates of prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) at baseline.

	CHD odds ratio		CVD odds ratio
	(95% CI)	P-value	(95% CI)	P-value
Age (for a 10-year increase)	1.34 (1.14–1.57)	<0.001	1.94 (1.50–2.50)	<0.001
Male gender	1.74 (1.22–2.48)	0.002
Ex-smoker	1.42 (1.01–2.02)	0.047	1.72 (1.03–2.88)	0.040
Current smoking			2.66 (1.32–5.34)	0.006
Any exercise in past two weeks	0.54 (0.38–0.76)	0.001
Taking antihypertensive medications	3.77 (2.65–5.38)	<0.001	2.20 (1.31–3.67)	0.003
Taking lipid-modifying medications	3.32 (2.06–5.35)	<0.001
Taking digoxin	2.17 (1.21–3.89)	0.009